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However, little is known about flavonoid\u2010mediated tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivorous insects and natural enemies. In this study, we investigated how flavonoids modulate plant\u2013insect interactions in a tritrophic system involving near\u2010isogenic lines (NILs) of cultivated tomato (\n                      <jats:italic>Solanum lycopersicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with high (line NIL\u2010purple hypocotyl [PH]) and low (line NIL\u2010green hypocotyl [GH]) flavonoid levels, with a generalist herbivore whitefly (\n                      <jats:italic>Bemisia tabaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and its predatory bug (\n                      <jats:italic>Orius sauteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      By contrasting levels of tomato flavonoids (direct defence) while manipulating the presence of predators (indirect defence), we found that high production of flavonoids in tomato was associated with a higher inducibility of direct defences and a stronger plant resistance to whitefly infestation and stimulated the emissions of induced volatile organic compounds, thereby increasing the attractiveness of\n                      <jats:italic>B. tabaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010infested plants to the predator\n                      <jats:italic>O. sauteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Furthermore, suppression of\n                      <jats:italic>B. tabaci<\/jats:italic>\n                      population growth and enhancement of plant growth were mediated directly by the high production of flavonoids and indirectly by the attraction of\n                      <jats:italic>O. sauteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and the combined effects were larger than each effect individually.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results show that high flavonoid production in tomato enhances herbivore\u2010induced direct and indirect defences to better defend against herbivores in tritrophic interactions. Thus, the development of transgenic plants may present an opportunity to utilize the beneficial role of flavonoids in integrated pest management, while simultaneously maintaining or improving resistance against other pests and pathogens. \u00a9 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T22:56:53Z","timestamp":1689289013000},"page":"4644-4654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Flavonoid production in tomato mediates both direct and indirect plant defences against whiteflies in tritrophic interactions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Fengbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River 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