{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T11:56:36Z","timestamp":1793706996999,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Excessive use of chemical insecticides raises concerns about insecticide resistance, urging the development of novel insecticides. Peptide neurotoxins from spider venom are an incredibly rich source of ion channel modulators with potent insecticidal activity. A neurotoxin U1\u2010Atypitoxin\u2010Cs1a from the spider\n                      <jats:italic>Calommata signata<\/jats:italic>\n                      was annotated previously. It was of interest to investigate its insecticidal activity and potential molecular targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cs1a was heterologously expressed, purified and pharmacologically characterized here. The recombinant neurotoxin inhibited high\u2010voltage\u2010activated calcium channel currents with an median inhibitory concentration (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) value of 0.182\u2009\u00b1\u20090.026\u2009\u03bc\n                      <jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>\n                      on cockroach DUM neurons and thus was designated as \u03c9\u2010Atypitoxin\u2010Cs1a. The recombinant Cs1a was toxic to three insect pests of agricultural importance,\n                      <jats:italic>Nilaparvata lugens<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Plutella xylostella<\/jats:italic>\n                      with median lethal concentration (LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) values of 0.121, 0.172 and 0.356\u2009nmol\u2009g\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively, at 24\u2009h postinjection. Cs1a was equivalently toxic to both insecticide\u2010susceptible and \u2010resistant insects. Cs1a exhibited low toxicity to\n                      <jats:italic>Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>\n                      with an LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 2.316\u2009nmol\u2009g\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results suggest that \u03c9\u2010Atypitoxin\u2010Cs1a is a potent Ca\n                      <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                      channel inhibitor and an attractive candidate reagent for pest control and resistance management. \u00a9 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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