{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T19:56:48Z","timestamp":1761163008416,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,21]],"date-time":"2003-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1069372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"California Association of Nurserymen"},{"name":"California Fresh Carrot Advisory Board"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The phase\u2010out of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant has stimulated research into the use of other soil fumigants for weed control. Methyl bromide, methyl iodide, propargyl bromide, 1,3\u2010dichloropropene (1,3\u2010D) and metam\u2010sodium were tested alone and in combination with chloropicrin in laboratory experiments to determine their efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>Cyperus esculentus<\/jats:italic>\n                    L (yellow nutsedge) tubers. Propargyl bromide and metam\u2010sodium were the most efficacious fumigants tested, with EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 3.7 and 6.5 \u00b5\n                    <jats:sc>M<\/jats:sc>\n                    , respectively. The relative potencies of methyl iodide and chloropicrin were not significantly different but were 2.6 and 2.9 times more potent than methyl bromide, respectively. The EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values for all fumigants other than 1,3\u2010D were significantly lower than that of methyl bromide. Combining each fumigant with 17% chloropicrin resulted in a synergistic interaction. The greatest increase in potency between the expected result and the actual result was a relative potency of 3.8 with the methyl bromide\/chloropicrin combination. The smallest increase in efficacy was with propargyl bromide and chloropicrin, with a relative potency of 1.5. There was no significant difference between the EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of methyl bromide\/chloropicrin and methyl iodide\/chloropicrin combinations. Combining 1,3\u2010D with 17% chloropicrin resulted in an EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value for\n                    <jats:italic>C esculentus<\/jats:italic>\n                    control similar to that of methyl iodide applied alone. Copyright \u00a9 2003 Society of Chemical Industry\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,16]],"date-time":"2004-03-16T03:01:12Z","timestamp":1079406072000},"page":"369-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Fumigant combinations for\n                    <i>Cyperus esculentum<\/i>\n                    L control"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Chad M","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Milton E","family":"McGiffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James J","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Ole 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