{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:09:58Z","timestamp":1790384998893,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Agricultural pesticide use in sub\u2010Saharan Africa has doubled over the past three decades, with a greater relative increase for fungicides. As pesticide inputs continue to rise, so does the potential for the development of resistance. Here, we report on a survey conducted to understand pesticide resistance awareness, pesticide\u2010use knowledge and practices of growers and agricultural extension officers (AEOs) in the cereals growing\u2010belt of northern Ghana, with emphasis on fungicides. The results may inform development of strategies for improving pesticide literacy including resistance awareness, extension services and crop protection outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey revealed a low level of pesticide\u2010use knowledge for AEOs and growers. This was more so for growers with low education, predominantly women. Education level (and indirectly gender) influenced perceived effectiveness of fungicides and levels of adoption of cultural and agrochemical best practices. Only 28% of growers and 11% of AEOs practiced crop and fungicide rotations, respectively. More than half (53%) of the respondents indicated that fungicides used in northern Ghana are not effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the low level of pesticide literacy of AEOs and growers, training programs on best practice for the use of pesticides, with targeted initiatives for female growers, would improve crop protection outcomes and safety. The limited adoptions of crop rotation and repeated use of fungicides with the same active ingredients, along with &gt;50% of respondents reporting \u2018fungicides not working\u2019 suggest the potential presence of fungicide resistance cases in growers' fields in the Northern region of Ghana. Further work is needed to determine the incidence of resistance in the region. It is recommended that a key policy priority should focus on understanding broader agrochemical\u2010use practices, crop losses and household\u2010level food security in the presence of resistance risks. \u00a9 2024 The Authors. <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T07:38:25Z","timestamp":1712734705000},"page":"4207-4215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Knowledge and perception of cereal farmers and extension agents on fungicide use in northern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Otoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University  Bentley WA Australia"},{"name":"Regional Department of Agriculture Extension Unit  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramat","family":"Musah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Department of Agriculture Engineering Unit  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toto","family":"Olita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University  Bentley WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylie B.","family":"Ireland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University  Bentley WA Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions  Perth WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayalsew","family":"Zerihun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University  Bentley WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-012-0105-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01796.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2003.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00003-011-0677-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.10.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00452-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"SarkarS GilJDB KeeleyJandJansenK The use of pesticides in developing countries and their impact on health and the right to foodTechnical report Policy Department for External Relations EP\/EXPO\/DEVE\/FWC\/2019\u201001\/LOT3\/R\/06 PE 653.622 European Union (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"FAOSTAT Database collection of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsTechnical\u2010nical report Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2022).https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/RP."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/547272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0971852414529483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2002.8.1.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7449-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6395"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap7999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"FRAC Resistance overviewTechnical report Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) (2015).https:\/\/www.frac.info\/resistance-overview."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"HRAC Management of resistanceTechnical report Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) (2015).https:\/\/hracglobal.com\/index.php."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"IRAC Resistance. Technical report Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)(2015).https:\/\/irac-online.org\/about\/resistance\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-24.4.620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12154-014-0113-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1245993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1328(199605)8:3<415::AID-JID396>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840601019125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2003.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7679.2006.00324.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40100-016-0053-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-9.23.190906"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"SulaimanRVandDavisK The New Extensionist: Roles Strategies and Capacities to Strengthen ex\u2010Tension and Advisory Services. Technical report Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services (GFRAS) Position PaperLindau (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, July 27\u201029, 2008","author":"Horna D","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11113003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.03.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10460-015-9590-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-8863.1000174"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture8080121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3711"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/42\/2015-PPS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jssm.2014.72006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"MoFA Medium term expenditure framework (MTEF) for 2020\u20132023. Programme based budget estimates for 2020 Technical report Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA)(2019).https:\/\/mofep.gov.gh\/sites\/default\/files\/pbb-estimates\/2020\/2020-PBB-MoFA.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","first-page":"206","volume-title":"Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper","author":"Swanson BE","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","volume-title":"Fungicide Resistance in Crop Pathogens: How Can it be Managed? Technical Report, FRAC Monograph No.1","author":"Brent KJ","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.8124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T12:34:43Z","timestamp":1761050083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.8124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.8124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.8124","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}