{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:17:30Z","timestamp":1790738250167,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although microencapsulation technology is an effective pesticide formulation method, the correlation between the release properties of microcapsules and pesticide concentrations in soil and their efficacy has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, the effects of the release properties of the nematicide Fosthiazate (FTZ) from microcapsules on their efficacy against the nematode <jats:italic>Meloidogyne incognita<\/jats:italic> were examined using experimental and mathematical approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gradual release of FTZ from both polyurea microcapsules (PU\u2010MC) and melamine\u2010formaldehyde microcapsules (MF\u2010MC) was observed over 30\u2009days in the release test, and each release curve was completely distinct. In the biological test, the efficacy of both microcapsules against <jats:italic>M. incognita<\/jats:italic> 42\u2009days after the application was 8\u201315% higher than that of the non\u2010encapsulated FTZ at a concentration of 2.0\u2009mg FTZ kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> soil. Soil degradation experiments suggested that the microcapsules worked effectively to protect the FTZ from degradation, which resulted in higher efficacy at a later stage. A simulation study to predict the concentration of FTZ outside the microcapsule found that the timing of supplying FTZ was important and suggested that the mixture of non\u2010encapsulated FTZ (non\u2010MC) and MF\u2010MC showed enhanced efficiency for the entire cultivation period in the biological test; the efficacy against nematodes was also confirmed by the measurement of nematode density using the Bearman funnel method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The release properties of FTZ from microcapsules are critical for their effective application against <jats:italic>M. incognita<\/jats:italic>, and the established simulation study is a useful step in designing suitable release properties under complex soil conditions. \u00a9 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T04:55:06Z","timestamp":1717995306000},"page":"5078-5087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Simulation and application assessment of the efficacy of fosthiazate\u2010loaded microcapsules against root\u2010knot nematode"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4287-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University  Niigata City Japan"},{"name":"Formulation Research Laboratory Central Research Institute  Kusatsu City Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formulation Research Laboratory 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