{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:59:41Z","timestamp":1785819581684,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HAW09051\u2010H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HAW09051\u2010H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insecticide resistance among invasive tephritid fruit flies poses a great risk to national food security and has the potential to disrupt quarantine and eradication programs, which rely on the efficacy of Spinosad to prevent widespread establishment in North America. During 2022 to 2023 we surveyed the extent of Spinosad resistance of two key species, oriental fruit fly <jats:italic>Bactrocera dorsalis<\/jats:italic>, and melon fly <jats:italic>Zeugodacus cucurbitae<\/jats:italic>, from 20 sites across five Hawaiian Islands including Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui, Molokai and the \u201cBig Island\u201d (Hawai'i).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used topical thoracic applications of eight concentrations of Spinosad ranging from 0.028 to 3.6\u2009mg\/mL to evaluate the lethal concentration (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and LC<jats:sub>99<\/jats:sub>) required to kill wild\u2010caught males. Resistance ratios (RR) were calculated by comparing the LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of wild flies to laboratory susceptible lines maintained in colony. Our results identified at least two new sites of concern for melon fly resistance on the Big Island, and at least four sites of concern for oriental fruit fly, all of which were located on the Big Island. At these locations RRs were &gt;5. On O'ahu, melon fly RRs were &gt;10.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The persistence of Spinosad resistance is concerning, yet it is a reduction compared to the values reported previously and before changes to Spinosad use recommendations by local extension agents beginning in 2017. For oriental fruit fly, these RR values are the highest levels that have been detected in wild Hawai'i populations. These data suggest that expanded Spinosad reduction and replacement programs are warranted given the ongoing issues with Spinosad resistance in Hawai'i and expansion in the number of species affected. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T07:35:09Z","timestamp":1720769709000},"page":"5640-5647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Persistence of widespread moderate Spinosad resistance among wild melon fly (<i>Zeugodacus cucurbitae<\/i>) and oriental fruit fly (<i>Bactrocera dorsalis<\/i>) populations on the major Hawaiian islands"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Dara G.","family":"Stockton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daniel K. 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Inouye Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit (TCCPRU), USDA\u2010ARS  Hilo HI USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education  Oak Ridge TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Gutierrez\u2010Coarite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Tropical Agriculture and Soil Science  Kahului HI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences  Lihue HI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jensen","family":"Uyeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii at Manoa O'ahu Cooperative Extension  Pearl City HI 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