{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:17:35Z","timestamp":1792059455009,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Owing to its systemic mode\u2010of\u2010action and ease of application, lithium chloride (LiCl) is an ideal varroacide for the control of <jats:italic>Varroa destructor<\/jats:italic> infestations in honey bee colonies. To better understand how LiCl functions within a colony, we screened different parts of honey bee anatomy for lithium accumulation. We wanted to elucidate the time\u2010dependent effects of LiCl on <jats:italic>V.\u2009destructor<\/jats:italic> and its metabolism within honey bees when they were fed continuous LiCl treatments, as well as evaluate potential adverse effects such as accumulation in the hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees, which could negatively impact queens and larvae.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cage experiments reveal rapid acaricidal onset, with &gt;95% mite mortality within 48\u2009h of treatment. Bee hemolymph analysis supports these observations, showing a rapid increase in lithium concentration within 12\u2009h of treatment, followed by stabilization at a constant level. Lithium accumulates in the rectum of caged bees (\u2264475.5\u2009mg\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> after 7\u2009days of feeding 50\u2009m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> LiCl), reflecting the bees' metabolic and excretion process. Despite concerns about potential accumulation in hypopharyngeal glands, low lithium levels of only 0.52\u2009mg\u2009kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> suggest minimal risk to the queen and 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\u2010 and 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\u2010instar larvae. Cessation of LiCl treatment results in a rapid decline in mite mortality in the first 5\u2009days, which increases again thereafter, resulting in mite mortality of 77\u201390% after 10\u2009days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings help optimize LiCl application in colonies to achieve high Varroa mortality without unwanted adverse effects and provide important baseline data for future registration. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T09:10:24Z","timestamp":1721207424000},"page":"5799-5808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From consumption to excretion: Lithium concentrations in honey bees 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