{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T05:06:14Z","timestamp":1768712774261,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insecticide risk assessment for biological control agents is essential for implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Spinetoram is a naturally derived insecticide used to control a variety of agricultural sap\u2010sucking insect pests, and <jats:italic>Encarsia formosa<\/jats:italic> Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) plays a key role in the biocontrol of greenhouse whiteflies. Despite its presumed safe ecotoxicological profile, the side effects of spinetoram on <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>formosa<\/jats:italic> are partially unknown, especially at sublethal doses. In the laboratory, we estimated the lethal concentrations (LC) of spinetoram on <jats:italic>E. formosa<\/jats:italic> by topical exposure of pupae and 48\u2009h residual contact exposure of emerged adults. Afterwards, we assessed the impact of spinetoram LCs on the life history traits (juvenile development, adult longevity, parasitism, adult emergence) and population growth parameter (the instantaneous rate of increase, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) of the parasitoid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Probit analysis allowed the estimation of LC<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.10\u2009mg\/L, LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.56\u2009mg\/L, and LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20093.28\u2009mg\/L. Spinetoram at LC<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> had no impact on the observed parameters of <jats:italic>E. formosa<\/jats:italic>. Conversely, spinetoram at LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> significantly reduced adult longevity by 19.2% and 40.6%, total parasitism by 33.4% and 38.7%, and total adult emergence by 29.6% and 39.1%, respectively. Also, the <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> of <jats:italic>E. formosa<\/jats:italic> was significantly affected by spinetoram LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> with a reduction of 8.17 and 29.83%, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggested that spinetoram significantly threatens the effectiveness of <jats:italic>E. formosa<\/jats:italic> when applied at the field recommended rate. However, further validation of spinetoram under greenhouse conditions is required for a comprehensive risk assessment for <jats:italic>E. formosa<\/jats:italic> in IPM programs. \u00a9 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T04:53:07Z","timestamp":1727499187000},"page":"490-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Side effects of semi\u2010synthetic insecticide spinetoram on the whitefly parasitoid <i>Encarsia formosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7557-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Drobnjakovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjana","family":"Prijovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Dervi\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dragica","family":"Brki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Ricupero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Food and Environment University of Catania  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-0273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Mar\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.48.091801.112621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-018-0513-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7702"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12080681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076548"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) The IRAC mode of action classification(2024).https:\/\/irac-online.org\/modes-of-action\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jear.2016.5653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tou060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2016.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1653\/024.101.0426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"EPA (The United States Environmental Protection Agency) Reduced Risk and Organophosphate Alternative Decisions for Conventional Pesticides. 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