{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:34:07Z","timestamp":1761093247225,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chlorsulfuron resistance and genetic dominance was evaluated in <jats:italic>Raphanus raphanistrum<\/jats:italic> genotypes homozygous (122\u2010RR, 376\u2010RR), heterozygous (122\u2010RS, 376\u2010RS) and compound heterozygous (122\u2010R\/376\u2010R) for the target\u2010site resistance mutations Ala\u2010122\u2010Tyr and Asp\u2010376\u2010Glu in the <jats:italic>AHAS<\/jats:italic> (acetohydroxyacid synthase) gene.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the AHAS level, 122\u2010RR and 122\u2010RS plants exhibited significantly higher <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values than 376\u2010RR and 376\u2010RS plants, respectively. However, plants of the compound heterozygous genotype (122\u2010R\/376\u2010R), showed no difference in AHAS activity compared to the 122\u2010RS genotype but lower activity than the 122\u2010RR genotype, and showed a nearly 400\u2010fold greater I<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value than both genotypes (376\u2010RR and 376\u2010RS) carrying the 376\u2010Glu allele. At the whole\u2010plant level, 100% survival was observed for 122\u2010RR plants at the highest chlorsulfuron dose of 640\u2009g\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, yet 376\u2010RR plants showed no survival at 380\u2009g\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Thus, this survival difference resulted in different median lethal dose (LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) estimates [&gt;640 (122\u2010RR) <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 330\u2009g\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>(376\u2010RR)]. The effect of chlorsulfuron in reducing aboveground growth of surviving plants also was markedly lower for the homozygous 122\u2010RR (GR<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009566\u2009g\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) than for 376\u2010RR plants (GR<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200966). Heterozygous plants carrying the 122\u2010Tyr allele (122\u2010RS) exhibited two\u2010 and five\u2010fold higher LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values than both homozygous and heterozygous plants carrying the 376\u2010Glu allele (376\u2010RR, 376\u2010RS), respectively. Along the difference in plant survival, 122\u2010RS plants also showed four\u2010fold higher GR<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> than both 376\u2010RR and 376\u2010RS plants. Survival of plants with the compound heterozygous genotype (122\u2010R\/376\u2010R) under increasing chlorsulfuron doses was similar to 122\u2010RR or 122\u2010RS genotypes. However, this compound heterozygous genotype showed two\u2010 and six\u2010fold higher LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values than 376\u2010RR or 376\u2010RS genotypes, respectively. However, both resistance 122\u2010Tyr and 376\u2010Glu alleles were dominant or nearly dominant over the wild\u2010type susceptible alleles (ALA\u2010122 and ASP\u2010376), and the resistance 122\u2010Tyr allele was dominant over the 376\u2010Glu allele.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results broaden our understanding of <jats:italic>AHAS<\/jats:italic> target\u2010site resistance in <jats:italic>R.\u2009raphanistrum<\/jats:italic> and strengthens the hypothesis that the <jats:italic>AHAS<\/jats:italic> 122\u2010Tyr allele corresponds to a stronger target\u2010site resistance allele than the 376\u2010Glu allele. \u00a9 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T07:45:46Z","timestamp":1729064746000},"page":"631-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Allelic interactions defining <i>Raphanus raphanistrum<\/i><scp><i>AHAS<\/i><\/scp> resistance level: strong <i>vs<\/i> weak target\u2010site <scp>AHAS<\/scp> resistance alleles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0855-2323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IICAR, UNR, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Rosario  Santa Fe Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFEVA \u2013 CONICET \u2013 Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Ecology University of Buenos Aires (UBA)  Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"IIPAAS \u2013 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Producci\u00f3n Vegetal Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora (UNLZ)  Lomas de Zamora Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Breccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IICAR, UNR, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Rosario  Santa Fe Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Ochogav\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IICAR, UNR, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Rosario  Santa Fe Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Nestares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IICAR, UNR, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Rosario  Santa Fe Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro E.","family":"Gundel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ecolog\u00eda Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidad de Talca  Talca Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0918-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heping","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (AHRI) \u2013 School of Agriculture &amp; 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