{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:29:12Z","timestamp":1790008152163,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008791","name":"Bayer CropScience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resistance of <jats:italic>Busseola fusca<\/jats:italic> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1Ab was documented in 2006, 7\u2009years after the first cultivation of MON 810 in South Africa. This was mitigated by introducing a second\u2010generation <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Bt<\/jats:italic>) maize (MON 89034), which contains the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins. The first reports of <jats:italic>B. fusca<\/jats:italic> infestations of MON 89034 maize came in the KwaZulu\u2010Natal province (2017\u20132018 cropping season), followed by reports in the Mpumalanga province (2022\u20132023 season). Here we report results of artificial diet\u2010 and plant\u2010based laboratory assays to assess the susceptibility of <jats:italic>B. fusca<\/jats:italic> populations to the <jats:italic>Bt<\/jats:italic> proteins in MON 89034.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Larvae were sampled from nine locations which included three where greater than expected injury due to <jats:italic>B. fusca<\/jats:italic> had been reported to MON 89034. Larval mortality in assays with diet\u2010incorporated Cry2Ab2 protein was 100% for all except the three problem populations, showing that the Cry2Ab2 protein in MON 89034 is highly efficacious against <jats:italic>B. fusca<\/jats:italic>. In contrast, assays with Cry1A.105 did not cause significant mortality in any of the <jats:italic>B. fusca<\/jats:italic> populations including larvae from a susceptible reference. Larval survival on leaf tissue of MON 89034 maize after 7\u2009days ranged between 75% and 91% for the three problematic <jats:italic>B. fusca<\/jats:italic> populations, compared to 0.4% to 9.6% for the five other populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therefore, MON 89034 is effectively a single\u2010mode\u2010of\u2010action technology against <jats:italic>B. fusca<\/jats:italic> and carries an inherent high risk for the evolution of resistance. This study shows that the three <jats:italic>B. fusca<\/jats:italic> populations collected from locations with greater than expected damage to MON 89034 have resistance to the Cry2Ab2 protein and therefore to MON 89034 maize. This research emphasizes the importance of resistance monitoring and implementation of effective insect resistance management tactics. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Pest Management Science<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T23:40:17Z","timestamp":1731627617000},"page":"1307-1315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Incipient resistance of the African maize stemborer, <scp><i>Busseola fusca<\/i><\/scp> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to <scp>Cry2Ab2<\/scp> maize in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Elrine","family":"Strydom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council \u2013 Grain Crops  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemie","family":"Erasmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council \u2013 Grain Crops  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanus","family":"Friis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer Crop Science  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Magson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer Crop Science  Monheim am Rhein Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Parimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer Crop Science  Monheim am Rhein Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer Crop Science  Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory Science Bayer Crop Science US  Chesterfield MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1163-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannalene","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPM Program, Unit for Environmental Science and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnnie","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPM Program, Unit for Environmental Science and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects5030539"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02571862.1992.10634619"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Working paper: 2002\u201309","author":"Kirsten J","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"GM Crops: The First Ten Years \u2010 Global Socio\u2010Economic and Environmental Impacts. 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