{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:32:49Z","timestamp":1785778369800,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32372594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Monochoria korsakowii<\/jats:italic> is a common broadleaf weed found in rice (<jats:italic>Oryza sativa<\/jats:italic>) fields. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides are commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in rice fields. However, prolonged herbicide use has exacerbated resistance issues. In this study, we evaluated the resistance to ALS inhibitors in populations where the same mutation occurred separately and simultaneously in the two <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic> homoeologous genes (<jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>1 and <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>2) and investigated the resistance mechanisms in <jats:italic>M.\u2009korsakowii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Monochoria korsakowii<\/jats:italic> exhibited high resistance to bensulfuron\u2010methyl, low resistance to penoxsulam, and sensitivity to imazethapyr. Three resistant populations were identified: M\u20101 and M\u20102, which independently evolved the Pro\u2010197\u2010Ser mutation in <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>1 and <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>2, respectively, and M\u20103, which harbored this mutation in both <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>1 and <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>2. The sensitivity of ALS isolated from these populations to herbicide inhibition corresponded to the whole\u2010plant resistance levels. Subsequently, we cloned and transformed Pro\u2010197\u2010Ser\u2010mutated <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>1 and <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>2 into <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>. The resistance of homozygous <jats:italic>A.\u2009thaliana<\/jats:italic> to bensulfuron\u2010methyl and penoxsulam aligned with bioassay trends. Furthermore, we measured the ploidy, relative expression, and copy number of <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>1 and <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>2, and found no significant differences, suggesting that the evolution of resistance was primarily attributed to the Pro\u2010197\u2010Ser mutation. Finally, we developed a derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker for detecting Pro\u2010197\u2010Ser mutation in <jats:italic>ALS<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The same mutation occurring separately in homoeologous genes resulted in similar resistance levels, whereas simultaneous mutations in homoeologous genes led to increased resistance levels. \u00a9 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T23:49:29Z","timestamp":1733528969000},"page":"1894-1902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pro\u2010197\u2010Ser mutation combinations in acetolactate synthase (<i>ALS<\/i>) homoeologous genes affect <scp>ALS<\/scp> inhibitor herbicide resistance levels in <scp><i>Monochoria korsakowii<\/i><\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection  Shenyang P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid Waste and Chemical Management Center  Beijing P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection  Shenyang P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9565-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunyan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection  Shenyang P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection  Shenyang P. R. 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