{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:48:55Z","timestamp":1784674135853,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111\u20102635\u2010B\u2010005\u2010001\u2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111\u20102635\u2010B\u2010005\u2010001\u2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The lesser grain borer,\n                      <jats:italic>Rhyzopertha dominica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is a serious stored\u2010products pest mainly controlled by insecticides. Spinosad, an environmentally friendly biological insecticide with low mammalian toxicity, is considered a suitable candidate for\n                      <jats:italic>R. dominica<\/jats:italic>\n                      management. Given the structural similarity of spinosad and maltose, both containing a neutral sugar structure, it was hypothesized that maltase may hydrolyze spinosad, rendering\n                      <jats:italic>R. dominica<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistant to spinosad. In this study, multiple spinosad\u2010resistant strains (RdSR) were used to test the hypothesis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The resistance reduction examination of a spinosad\u2010resistant strain RdSR\u20101 showed a significant decrease in resistance level over 1\u2009year with the LC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      decreasing from 2.996 to 0.392\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      indicating an 86.92% reduction. Cross\u2010resistance investigations using the resistant strain RdSR\u20102 revealed a correlation between spinosad and spinetoram, while no such cross\u2010resistance was observed with other insecticides. The expression levels of four maltase genes were significantly higher in the resistant strain RdSR\u20101 than the susceptible one. Furthermore, 3,5\u2010Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assays suggested increased spinosad hydrolysis in the resistant strain RdSR\u20103 compared to the susceptible one. The maltase inhibitor, acarbose, was applied to susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>R. dominica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , resulting in a significant increase in mortality among individuals exposed to both acarbose and spinosad. These findings imply that acarbose can synergize the efficacy of spinosad in\n                      <jats:italic>R. dominica<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study suggests maltase as a potential resistance mechanism in\n                      <jats:italic>R. dominica<\/jats:italic>\n                      against spinosad. This novel mechanism combined with reduction and cross\u2010resistance results provide valuable insights for control strategy development. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T02:53:43Z","timestamp":1736564023000},"page":"2840-2846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Resistance reduction and cross\u2010resistance of spinosad\u2010resistant\n                    <i>Rhyzopertha dominica<\/i>\n                    (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and the association between spinosad resistance and maltase activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Chun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology National Chung Hsing University  Taichung City 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