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Based on the median effective dose, it increased wheat (2.2\u20132.8\u2010fold) and spontaneous barley (3.5\u20133.7\u2010fold) tolerance to sulfosulfuron. With\/without silicon nutrition, pretreating plant species with malathion or 4\u2010chloro\u20107\u2010nitrobenzofurazan made them more sensitive to sulfosulfuron. Without silicon nutrition, cytochrome P450 reductase (1.3 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 0.7\u2009U\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), glutathione S\u2010transferase (1.7 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 1.2\u2009U\u2009g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), superoxide dismutase (23.7 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 14.5\u2009U\u2009mg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and catalase (412.9 <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> 311.5\u2009U\u2009mg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) were more active in wheat than in spontaneous barley. All enzymes became more active with silicon nutrition, the increase was higher in spontaneous barley. Field studies conducted at two locations showed that without silicon nutrition and sulfosulfuron, spontaneous barley reduced wheat grain yield by 36.8\u201341.5%. Without sulfosulfuron, co\u2010applying K<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SiO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009SSB synergistically increased spontaneous barley biomass by 37.4\u201376.1%, reducing wheat grain yield by 59.0\u201362.1%. Without silicon nutrition, sulfosulfuron (40\u2009g\u2009ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) controlled spontaneous barley by 71.8\u201398.5%. Furthermore, it controlled spontaneous barley by 18.7\u201329.9% when K<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SiO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009SSB was co\u2010applied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Silicon nutrition made both plants more tolerant to sulfosulfuron due to the increased activity of enzymes that metabolize herbicides and scavenge reactive oxygen species. It should be avoided in spontaneous barley\u2010infested wheat fields because it is more beneficial for spontaneous barley and reduces sulfosulfuron efficacy. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T05:10:01Z","timestamp":1745212201000},"page":"4601-4610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Silicon nutrition enhances <scp>CYP450s<\/scp>\u2010 and <scp>GST<\/scp>\u2010mediated metabolism of sulfosulfuron in wheat and an invasive weed, <i>Hordeum vulgare<\/i> subsp. <i>spontaneum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0209-4755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akbar","family":"Aliverdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Bu\u2010Ali Sina University  Hamedan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0448-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Asghar","family":"Chitband","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture Lorestan University  Lorestan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"The effects of climate change on invasion potential of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum K.Koch) in Iran and the world","volume":"9","author":"Mousavi SK","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Agroecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Population indices of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch.) in wheat fields","volume":"14","author":"Moeini MM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Weed Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Investigating the change of weed flora in the irrigated wheat fields of Isfahan county over last 15\u2009years","volume":"55","author":"Shafiee H","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran J Field Crop Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. 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