{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:20:50Z","timestamp":1790090450190,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD1400200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1400200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Streptothricins (STs) are microbial\u2010derived compounds effective against\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic>\n                      pv.\n                      <jats:italic>actinidiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Psa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker. However, the risk of resistance development and underlying mechanisms in\n                      <jats:italic>Psa<\/jats:italic>\n                      remain unclear. This study aims to establish baseline sensitivity of\n                      <jats:italic>Psa<\/jats:italic>\n                      to STs, characterize resistance\u2010associated phenotypes, and identify molecular resistance mechanisms to inform sustainable STs use in agriculture.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sensitivity testing of 186\n                      <jats:italic>Psa<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from Chinese kiwifruit\u2010producing regions revealed no naturally resistant strains, with a mean baseline half\u2010maximal effective concentration (EC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of 1.000\u2009\u00b1\u20090.240\u2009\u03bcg\u2009mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      for STs. Laboratory\u2010induced STs\u2010resistant mutants (R\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Psa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) exhibited significant fitness costs, slower growth rates, impaired motility, and complete loss of virulence\n                      <jats:italic>in planta<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with no leaf necrosis observed in inoculated kiwifruit. Cross\u2010resistance assays showed no or low cross\u2010resistance to streptomycin, tetramycin, copper hydroxide, and kasugamycin. Molecular analyses identified a GNAT\u2010family acetyltransferase, P\u2010SatA, as the key resistance determinant: overexpression of P\u2010SatA reduced STs sensitivity by 100\u2010fold, while gene deletion restored wild\u2010type sensitivity.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      validation confirmed P\u2010SatA inactivates STs via acetylation, abolishing antibacterial activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study establishes that STs resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>Psa<\/jats:italic>\n                      is mediated by P\u2010SatA\u2010dependent acetylation, with resistant strains incurring substantial fitness penalties that limit their environmental competitiveness. The absence of natural resistance and low cross\u2010resistance to other pesticides highlight STs as a sustainable option for kiwifruit canker management. These findings advance our understanding of metabolic resistance mechanisms in plant pathogens and provide a scientific basis for optimizing STs application to mitigate resistance risks. \u00a9 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T02:25:33Z","timestamp":1748658333000},"page":"5835-5847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Risk assessment and resistance mechanism of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Pseudomonas syringae<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    pv.\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>actinidiae<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    to streptothricins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9229-4162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High\u2010Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling P. 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