{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:03:05Z","timestamp":1791208985725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The degradation, sorption and transport of atrazine, hexazinone and procymidone in saturated coastal sand aquifer media were investigated in batch and column experiments. The pesticides were incubated with sterilised and non\u2010sterilised groundwater or a mixture of groundwater and the aquifer material in the dark at 15\u00b0C for 120 days. The estimated half\u2010lives of the pesticides (and their ranges) in the mixture of groundwater and aquifer sand were 36 (31\u201340), 54 (40\u201377) and 84 (46\u2013260) days for atrazine, procymidone and hexazinone, respectively. Compared with the relevant results for the groundwater\u2013sand mixture phase, the estimated half\u2010life of pesticides in the groundwater phase alone was shorter for procymidone (21 days) but longer for hexazinone (134 days); atrazine was not degraded in the groundwater phase. Chemical degradation appeared to have played the predominant role in the degradation of hexazinone and procymidone in the aquifer system, while both chemical and biological processes seemed to be important for the degradation of atrazine. Batch isothermal experiments were carried out at pH 4.6\u20134.7 to obtain sorption coefficients under equilibrium conditions. The isothermal data of the pesticides fitted well with the non\u2010linear Freundlich function with an exponent of sorption coefficient that was greater than one. Contrary to reports in the literature, sorption of atrazine was the greatest, and procymidone was slightly more sorbed than hexazinone. A column experiment was conducted at a typical field\u2010flow velocity of 0.5 m day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> over 60 days to study pesticide attenuation and transport in flow dynamic conditions. Retardation factors, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>, derived from a two\u2010site sorption\/desorption model were 8.22, 1.76 and 1.63 for atrazine, procymidone and hexazinone, respectively. Atrazine displayed the lowest mobility and the mobility of procymidone was only slightly less than that of hexazinone, which is consistent with observations in the batch experiment. A possible explanation for these observations is that ionic atrazine is bound to oppositely charged ionic oxides, and ionic oxides have less effect on the sorption of the non\u2010ionic procymidone. The significant tailing in the pesticide breakthrough curves (BTCs) in comparison with the bromide BTC, together with model\u2010simulated results, suggests that the transport of the pesticides was under chemical non\u2010equilibrium conditions with <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic> values that were less than their equivalent values predicted using the batch equilibrium isothermal data. As a result of non\u2010linear kinetic sorption, retardation factors of the pesticides in groundwater systems would not be constant and will decrease with decreasing pesticide concentrations and increasing flow velocities. Hence, the use of equilibrium isotherm data will probably over\u2010predict the sorption of pesticides in groundwater systems. Rhodamine WT, a commonly used groundwater tracer, was significantly retarded (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic> = 5.48) and its BTC was much more spread out than the bromide BTC. Therefore, it would not be a good tracer for the indication of groundwater flow velocity and dispersion for the coastal sand aquifer system. In contrast to some aquifer media, the dye tracer was unsuitable as a marker of the appearance of atrazine in a coastal sand aquifer system. Copyright \u00a9 2004 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T14:55:59Z","timestamp":1104504959000},"page":"133-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Degradation and sorption of atrazine, hexazinone and procymidone in coastal sand aquifer media"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Close","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Flintoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00288330.2001.9516992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","unstructured":"The ARS Pesticide Properties Database www.wizard.arsusda.gov\/acsl\/textfiles as at October 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