{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:45:42Z","timestamp":1790747142435,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,24]],"date-time":"2004-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1095984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two groups of eight honey bee colonies were fed with two different concentrations of imidacloprid in saccharose syrup during summer (each colony was given 1 litre of saccharose syrup containing 0.5 \u00b5g litre<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> or 5 \u00b5g litre<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of imidacloprid on 13 occasions). Their development and survival were followed in parallel with control hives (unfed or fed with saccharose syrup) until the end of the following winter. The parameters followed were: adult bee activity (number of bee entering the hive and pollen carrying activity), adult bee population level, capped brood area, frequency of parasitic and other diseases, mortality, number of frames with brood after wintering and a global score of colonies after wintering. The only parameters linked to feeding with imidacloprid\u2010supplemented saccharose syrup when compared with feeding with non\u2010supplemented syrup were: a statistically non\u2010significant higher activity index of adult bees, a significantly higher frequency of pollen carrying during the feeding period and a larger number of capped brood cells. When imidacloprid was no longer applied, activity and pollen carrying were re\u2010established at a similar level for all groups. Repeated feeding with syrup supplemented with imidacloprid did not provoke any immediate or any delayed mortality before, during or following the next winter, whereas such severe effects are described by several French bee keepers as a consequence of imidacloprid use for seed dressing in neighbouring cultures. In any case, during the whole study, mortality was very low in all groups, with no difference between imidacloprid\u2010fed and control colonies. Further research should now address several hypotheses: the troubles described by bee keepers have causes other than imidacloprid; if such troubles are really due to this insecticide, they may only be observed either when bees consume contaminated pollen, when no other sources of food are available, in the presence of synergic factors (that still need to be identified), with some particular races of bees or when colonies are not strong and healthy. Copyright \u00a9 2004 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,24]],"date-time":"2004-09-24T06:01:10Z","timestamp":1096005670000},"page":"111-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Experimental study on the toxicity of imidacloprid given in syrup to honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera<\/i>) colonies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Jean\u2010Paul","family":"Faucon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Auri\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Drajnudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laeticia","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Ribi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Claire","family":"Martel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Zeggane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Pierre","family":"Chauzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel FA","family":"Aubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.2002.11099532"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"118","article-title":"Disappearing disease of honey bees: a survey of the United States. Part I","author":"Wilson WT","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Bee J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","first-page":"184","article-title":"Disappearing disease of honey bees: a survey of the United States. Conclusion","author":"Wilson WT","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Bee J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","unstructured":"FauconJP Pr\u00e9cis de pathologie apicole: conna\u00eetre et traiter les maladies des abeilles CNEVA\/FNOSAD pp1\u2013512(1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","volume-title":"Abc and xyz of bee culture","author":"Root AI","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Evaluation de l'incidence de la deltam\u00e9thrine sur les probl\u00e8mes de cheptel apicole","volume":"18","author":"Faucon JP","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull Inf Lab S V"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/77.1.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","unstructured":"HopquinB Les apiculteurs accusent un insecticide de tuer les abeilles Le Monde 25 June (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Imidacloprid","volume":"21","author":"Cox C","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pestic Reform"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190726"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","unstructured":"SuchailS Etude pharmacocin\u00e9tique et pharmacodynamique de la l\u00e9talit\u00e9 induite par l'imidaclopride et ses m\u00e9tabolites chez l'abeille domestique (Apis melliferaL) Th\u00e8se de doctorat Universit\u00e9 Cl Bernard Lyon (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Hazards of pesticides to bees","author":"Colin ME","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","first-page":"422","article-title":"Mad\u2010bee\u2010disease? Sublethal effects of imidacloprid (Gaucho\u00ae) on the behaviour of honey bees. Association of institutes for bee research, 50 year anniversary 1949\u20131999, reports of the 46th seminar in Marburg, 23\u201325 March 1998","volume":"30","author":"Kirchner WH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Hazards of pesticides to bees","author":"Decourtye A","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-4998(200009)56:9<784::AID-PS208>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Hazards of pesticides to bees","author":"Wallner K","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.270"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","unstructured":"Doucet\u2010PersoneniC HalmM\u2010P TouffetF RortaisAandArnoldG Imidaclopride utilis\u00e9 en enrobage de semences (Gaucho\u00ae) et troubles des abeilles Comit\u00e9 Scientifique et Technique des Troubles des Abeilles(2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","unstructured":"StorkA Residues of14C\u2010NTN 33 893 (imidacloprid) in blossoms of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) after seed dressing Bayer AG Crop Protection Development Institute for Metabolism Research and Residue Analysis Leverkusen (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","unstructured":"Scott\u2010DupreeCDandSpivakM The impact of Gaucho\u00aeand TI\u2010435 Seed\u2010treated canola on honey bees Apis melliferaL Universit\u00e9 de Guelf Ontario Canada Universit\u00e9 du Minnesota USA (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Method of determining imidacloprid residues in plant materials","volume":"46","author":"Placke FJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pflanzenschutz\u2010Nachrichten"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","first-page":"778","volume-title":"Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines","author":"OIE","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","first-page":"793","volume-title":"Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines","author":"OIE","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.1999.11099415"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","first-page":"569","volume-title":"Diagnostic immunos\u00e9rologique des viroses humaines et animales","author":"Giauffret A","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2000147"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2002020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001469"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","unstructured":"MehtaCandPatelN StatXact 4 for Windows. Statistical software for exact nonparametric inference Cytel Software Corporation Cambridge USA (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","volume-title":"Categorical data analysis","author":"Agresti A","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","volume-title":"Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences","author":"Siegel S","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","volume-title":"Nonparametrics: statistical methods based on ranks","author":"Lehmann EL","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001616"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-93.2.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9063(199801)52:1<53::AID-PS621>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effects of sub\u2010lethal imidacloprid doses on the homing rate and foraging activity of honey bees","volume":"56","author":"Bortolotti L","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull Insectol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-95.4.729"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_2","first-page":"550","volume-title":"Honey bee pests, predators and diseases","author":"Morse RA","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/90.2.473"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/26.5.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jipa.1999.4889"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2338.1992.tb00546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2000.3995"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00388082"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.631"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2000130"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1969.tb02501.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_2","first-page":"1938","article-title":"Detoxifying enzyme activity in worker honey bees: an adaptation for foraging in contaminated ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Smirle MJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Canad J Zool"}],"container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fps.957","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ps.957","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:57:42Z","timestamp":1761047862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ps.957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,24]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ps.957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.957","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-498X","1526-4998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-498X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4998","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-02-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-07-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}