{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:46:18Z","timestamp":1785339978343,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]],"date-time":"2004-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pest Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metam sodium (metam) is a widely used soil fumigant. Combined application of metam and other available fumigants is intended to produce synergic pesticidal effects for a broad spectrum of pest control in soil fumigation. This study aimed to test the compatibility of metam with the halogenated fumigants 1,3\u2010dichloropropene (1,3\u2010D), chloropicrin, methyl bromide, methyl iodide and propargyl bromide. Halogenated fumigants and metam were spiked simultaneously into organic solvents, water and moist soils, and metam\u2010induced degradation of these halogenated chemicals was evaluated. In all three media, the halogenated fumigants were incompatible with metam and degraded via rapid chemical reactions. The degradation rate varied with halogenated fumigant species and increased as the amount of metam present was increased. In moist soil, 15\u201395% of the halogenated fumigants were decomposed within 72 h by metam at a 1:1 molar ratio. Combined application of Telone C\u201035 (62.5% 1,3\u2010D + 35% chloropicrin) at 265 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and Vapam (42% metam) at 567 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in soil resulted in complete disappearance of the applied chloropicrin and 20\u201338% of the 1,3\u2010D within 8 h. The results suggest that simultaneous application of halogenated fumigants and metam at the same soil depth will not maximize pest control. In practice, sequential treatment of soil or application at different soil depths is recommended when these two types of fumigants are used in combination. Copyright \u00a9 2004 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]],"date-time":"2004-11-22T08:17:12Z","timestamp":1101111432000},"page":"467-476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Incompatibility of metam sodium with halogenated fumigants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon K","family":"Papiernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2780050405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"1388","article-title":"Decomposition of sodium N\u2010methyldithiocarbamate in soil","volume":"53","author":"Turner NJ","year":"1963","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","unstructured":"Anonymous 1994 report of the methyl bromide technical options committee for the 1995 assessment of the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee United Nations Environment Program Melbourne Australia (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","unstructured":"Anonymous Methyl bromide substitutes and alternatives: A research agenda for the 1990s United States Department of Agriculture Washington DC (1993)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"156","article-title":"Soil borne pest control in mulched tomato with alternatives to methyl bromide","volume":"107","author":"Gilreath JP","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Fla State Hort Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.04.090166.000413"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/00221589.1991.11516124","article-title":"A comparison of dazomet, chloropicrin and methyl bromide as soil disinfestants for strawberries","volume":"60","author":"Harris DC","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Horti Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.01.090163.000533"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043174500067357"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","unstructured":"BraunALandSupkoffMD Options to methyl bromide for the control of soil\u2010borne disease and pests in California with reference to the Netherlands Department of Pesticide Regulation California Environmental Protection Agency Sacramento CA (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","unstructured":"Anonymous Metam Sodium as an alternative to methyl bromide for fruit and vegetable production and orchard replanting United States Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2002.92.12.1337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.32.7.1208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","unstructured":"LarsonKD Strawberry yield performance in response to ten preplant soil treatments Abstract 24 InThe annual international research conference on methyl bromide alternatives and emissions reductions Methyl Bromide Alternatives Outreach Orlando FL (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","unstructured":"TroutTandAjwaH Strawberry response to fumigants applied by drip irrigation systems Abstract 10 inThe annual international research conference on methyl bromide alternatives and emissions reductions Methyl Bromide Alternatives Outreach San Diego CA (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.37.7.1057","article-title":"Soil flooding and fumigant alternatives to methyl bromide in tomato and eggplant production","volume":"37","author":"Nelson SD","year":"2002","journal-title":"HortSci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.38.1.55","article-title":"Weed control in strawberry provided by shank\u2010 and drip\u2010applied methyl bromide alternative fumigants","volume":"38","author":"Fennimore 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