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Antimicrobial and insecticidal peptides are increasingly recognized as eco\u2010friendly tools for crop protection due to their low propensity for resistance development and the fact that they are fully biodegradable. However, historical challenges have hindered their development, including poor stability, limited availability, reproducibility issues, high production costs, and unwanted toxicity. Toxicity is a primary concern because crop\u2010protective peptides interact with various organisms of environmental and economic significance. This review focuses on the potential of genetically encoded peptide libraries like the use of two\u2010hybrid\u2010based methods for antimicrobial peptides identification and insecticidal spider venom peptides as two main approaches for targeting plant pathogens and pests. We discuss some key findings and challenges regarding the practical application of each strategy. We conclude that genetically encoded peptide library\u2010 and spider venom\u2010derived crop protective peptides offer a sustainable and environmentally responsible approach for addressing modern crop protection needs in the agricultural sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.3600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T09:36:08Z","timestamp":1713260168000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetically encoded libraries and spider venoms as emerging sources for crop protective peptides"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Marone Fassolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences University of Milan  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaodong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioinnovation University of the 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