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Synthetic peptides representing the <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010terminal (residues 1\u201316) and internal (residues 53\u201365) epitopes of toxic shock syndrome toxin\u20101 (TSST\u20101) were coupled to carrier protein, and carbonyl tags were introduced by Amadori reaction with glycolaldehyde. Modified and unmodified antigens in alum were used to immunize rabbits and the reactivities of antisera were compared. Aldehyde modification augmented the response detected by ELISA, which included enhanced binding to peptides and to native TSST\u20101. In western blot, TSST\u20101 was detected by antiserum elicited to the <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010terminal peptide, but not that generated to the peptide representing the internal sequence. The same antiserum also neutralized TSST\u20101 activity in a lymphocyte proliferation assay. The circular dichroism spectrum of the <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010terminal peptide indicated a propensity for helical conformation, similar to the structure at the corresponding sequence of the native protein. These data suggest that aldehyde modification can boost immunogenicity of peptide\u2010based vaccines, generating epitope\u2010specific immune responses against the cognate protein antigens without using potent adjuvants. Copyright \u00a9 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,27]],"date-time":"2006-11-27T20:00:22Z","timestamp":1164657622000},"page":"843-849","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Aldehyde modification of peptide immunogen enhances protein\u2010reactive antibody response to toxic shock syndrome toxin\u20101"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Bavoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Ostuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"De Vendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pollaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Armentano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudesh","family":"Makker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Tramontano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00318-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03973.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200010)30:10<2881::AID-IMMU2881>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)89199-8","article-title":"Scavenger receptor for aldehyde\u2010modified proteins","volume":"261","author":"Horiuchi S","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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