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However, the pharmacokinetics profiles of sufentanil in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery remain less understood, which is crucial for achieving the desired level of anesthesia and mitigating surgical complications. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of sufentanil in patients undergoing CPB surgery and elucidate the clinical factors affecting its pharmacokinetic profile. Adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB and were administered sufentanil for anesthesia were enrolled. Arterial blood samples were collected to quantify plasma concentrations of sufentanil and clinical laboratory parameters, including inflammatory cytokines. A population pharmacokinetic model was established using nonlinear mixed\u2010effects modeling. Simulations were performed using the pharmacokinetic parameters of the final model. Overall, 20 patients were included in the final analysis. Sufentanil pharmacokinetics were modeled using a two\u2010compartment model, accounting for CPB effects. Sufentanil clearance increased 2.80\u2010fold during CPB and warming phases, while the central compartment volume increased 2.74\u2010fold during CPB. CPB was a significant covariate affecting drug clearance and distribution volume. No other significant covariates were identified despite increased levels of the inflammatory cytokines, including IL\u20106, IL\u20108, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 during CPB. The simulation indicated a 30\u2009\u03bcg loading dose and 40\u2009\u03bcg\/h maintenance infusion for target\u2010controlled infusion. Additionally, a bolus dose of 60\u2009\u03bcg was added at CPB initiation to adjust for exposure changes during this phase. Considering the target sufentanil concentrations, a uniform dosing regimen was acceptable for effective analgesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.13205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T07:16:14Z","timestamp":1721718974000},"page":"1682-1692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Population pharmacokinetic modeling of sufentanil in adult Korean patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8710-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vipada","family":"Khaowroongrueng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Institute The Government Pharmaceutical Organization  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0595-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuk Hui","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine Gachon University  Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang\u2010Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyungpook National University  Daegu Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0327-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JiYeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine Gachon University  Incheon 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