{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:08:03Z","timestamp":1773032883060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001962","name":"World Anti-Doping Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001962","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CPT Pharmacom &amp;amp; Syst Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Salmeterol is a commonly used \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010agonist included on the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods published by the World Anti\u2010Doping Agency (WADA). We developed a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model to describe the PK of salmeterol including its major metabolite, \u03b1\u2010hydroxysalmeterol, in plasma and urine after inhalation. The model was used to evaluate the ability of the current minimum reporting level (MRL) of 10\u2009ng\/mL for salmeterol to discriminate between permitted and prohibited use of salmeterol. Six studies on healthy participants, chronic asthmatics, or athletes were pooled and provided a total of 1175 concentrations (275 and 398 for salmeterol and 185 and 317 for \u03b1\u2010hydroxysalmeterol in plasma and urine, respectively) from 92 individuals. A two\u2010compartment model assuming intravenous\u2010like bolus absorption best depicted plasma salmeterol PK, with a complete parent conversion into \u03b1\u2010hydroxysalmeterol. Because urine volumes were only recorded in two studies, a separate urine compartment was defined to approximate physiologic micturition. Athletes had a 63% higher salmeterol plasma clearance and a 191% greater salmeterol urinary rate constant compared to other subjects, resulting in significantly higher salmeterol urine concentrations. Our popPK model suggests that salmeterol concentrations in urine at therapeutic doses (100\u2009\u03bcg twice daily) are unlikely to be reported using the current MRL. However, to improve its sensitivity to detect cases of doping, an adjustment in the MRL and\/or a different analytical target would be recommended.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.70187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T15:13:11Z","timestamp":1768576391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacometric\u2010Based Evaluation of Salmeterol and Its Metabolite \u03b1\u2010Hydroxysalmeterol in Plasma and Urine: Practical Implications for Doping Control"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Thoueille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9360-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Danion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Medicine Department World Anti\u2010Doping Agency  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6201-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Hostrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, the August Krogh Section for Human Physiology University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6379-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Petrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Anti\u2010Doping Authority Makarion Athletic Centre Avenue  Engomi Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8038-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Deventer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University Department of Diagnostic Sciences (GE32)  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0639-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Buclin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois R.","family":"Girardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0658-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Medicine Department World Anti\u2010Doping Agency  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3632-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Rabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Medicine Department World Anti\u2010Doping Agency  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6419-9317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monia","family":"Guidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva, University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104601"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14358"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2728"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14567"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency \u201cThe Prohibited List \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.wada\u2010ama.org\/en\/prohibited\u2010list#search\u2010anchor."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241010-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) \u201cSummary of Product Characteristics. 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