{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:42:32Z","timestamp":1792201352646,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutical Statistics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patient recruitment in clinical trials, particularly in rare diseases or pediatric populations, remains a significant challenge. Leveraging external data to supplement trial information offers a promising solution, reducing placebo allocation, and enhancing recruitment feasibility while increasing the number of patients receiving active treatment, thus improving safety evaluations. However, the success of this method depends on the alignment of external data with target data from a population characteristics perspective and scientific translation perspective. Bayesian statistical methods, including power priors, commensurate priors, and mixture priors, facilitate the dynamic adjustment of borrowed information based on outcome data when this alignment is not perfect. Such outcome\u2010dependent approaches ensure robust and accurate inference by recalibrating the posterior distribution when empirical results deviate from prior assumptions. In the context of time to event analysis with piecewise constant hazards, we propose a variation of the power prior through a novel bounded weighting function, which balances population similarity and\/or scientific translatability with the outcome\u2010based criteria. Both of these innovations address the scientific principle that underpins borrowing, the scarcity of studies on population and outcome\u2010dependent borrowing, and the limited literature on power priors for survival data. The practical implementation of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations and real\u2010world case studies, highlighting its potential to improve the accuracy of inference in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:16:38Z","timestamp":1792199798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variations of Power Priors in Time\u2010to\u2010Event Analysis With Piecewise Constant Hazards Through Baseline and Outcome Similarity Driven Bounded Weighting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Heliang","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation, Immunology, and Specialty Care Statistics Strategy Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kudela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation, Immunology, and Specialty Care Statistics Strategy Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3088-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation, Immunology, and Specialty Care Statistics Strategy Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2428-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Gamalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation, Immunology, and Specialty Care Statistics Strategy Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer Inc.  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6339\/25\u2010JDS1161C"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/2168479019856572","article-title":"Pediatric Age Groups and Approach to Studies","volume":"53","author":"Job K. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-021-00367-9","article-title":"Extrapolation as a Default Strategy in Pediatric Drug Development","volume":"56","author":"Gamalo M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/env.752","article-title":"Evaluating Water Quality Using Power Priors to Incorporate Historical Information","volume":"17","author":"Duan Y.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13551","article-title":"Elastic Priors to Dynamically Borrow Information From Historical Data in Clinical Trials","volume":"79","author":"Jiang L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009212673","article-title":"Power Prior Distributions for Regression Models","volume":"15","author":"Ibrahim J. 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A.Psioda andJ. G.Ibrahim \u201cBayesppdsurv: An r Package for Bayesian Sample Size Determination Using the Power and Normalized Power Prior for Time\u2010To\u2010Event Data \u201d(2024) arXiv preprintarXiv:2404.05118."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/biomtc\/ujae019","article-title":"Case Weighted Power Priors for Hybrid Control Analyses With Time\u2010To\u2010Event Data","volume":"80","author":"Kwiatkowski E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Scale Transformed Power Prior for Time\u2010To\u2010Event Data","volume":"1","author":"Alt E. 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