{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T20:27:03Z","timestamp":1778185623639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,14]],"date-time":"2004-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1102982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chloasma (melasma), an acquired hypermelanosis, is often recalcitrant to various treatments and an amenable, as well as safe, pigment\u2010reducing modality is needed. We investigated that the reducing effect of proanthocyanidin, a powerful antioxidant, on chloasma in a one\u2010year open design study. Proanthocyanidin\u2010rich grape seed extract (GSE) was orally administered to 12 Japanese woman candidates with chloasma for 6 months between August 2001 and January 2002 and to 11 of these 12 for 5 months between March and July 2002. Clinical observation, L* value (lightening) and melanin index, and size (length and width) measurements of chloasma were performed throughout the study period. The \ufb01rst 6 months of GSE intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 10 of the 12 women (83%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) and following 5 months of intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 6 of the 11 candidates (54%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). L* values also increased after GSE intake (57.8 \u00b1 2.5 at the start vs 59.3 \u00b1 2.3 at 6 months and 58.7 \u00b1 2.5 at the end of study). Melanin\u2010index signi\ufb01cantly decreased after 6 months of the intake (0.025 \u00b1 0.005 at the start vs 0.019 \u00b1 0.004 at 6 months) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), and also decreased at the end of study (0.021 \u00b1 0.005) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). GSE is effective in reducing the hyperpigmentation of women with chloasma. The bene\ufb01cial effects of GSE was maximally achieved after 6 months and these was no further improvement after this period. The latter GSE intake for 5 months may prevent chloasma from becoming worse prior to the summer season. GSE is safe and useful for improving chloasma. Copyright \u00a9 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,14]],"date-time":"2004-12-14T11:46:39Z","timestamp":1103024799000},"page":"895-899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Oral intake of proanthocyanidin\u2010rich extract from grape seeds improves chloasma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Yamakoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoichi","family":"Tokutake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiro","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Kawachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fujio","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(98)00173-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Measurement of cutaneous color and assessment of skin type","volume":"7","author":"Andreassi L","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(97)00332-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90062-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4139-4_40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/25\/4\/008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1087"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/33\/6\/005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041330111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02988.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effects of combination treatment with vitamins E and C on chloasma and pibmented contact dermatitis. A double blind controlled clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Hayakawa R","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Vitaminol Enzymol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2000.130509.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-0963.2001.04556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90830-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9810517"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12371677"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Etude pharmacocinetique des oligomeres procyanidoliques totaux du raisin","volume":"4","author":"Laparra J","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Therapeutica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1988.tb00142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1085"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200001050-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00009a002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1520-6378.1977.tb00104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(95)90788-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000211297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Flavonoids in Health and Disease","author":"Waterhouse AL","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9806762"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0749.2003.00093.x"}],"container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fptr.1537","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ptr.1537","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T15:23:57Z","timestamp":1700234637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ptr.1537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ptr.1537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.1537","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-418X","1099-1573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-418X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1573","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}}}