{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:41:11Z","timestamp":1791906071022,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,3]],"date-time":"2012-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oleo gum resin secreted by <jats:italic>Commiphora mukul<\/jats:italic>, also known as gum guggul, has been used widely as an ayurvedic drug. <jats:italic>Commiphora mukul<\/jats:italic> is a short thorny shrub that is native to the Indian subcontinent. Oleo gum resin extracted by incision of the bark is a very complex mixture of gum, minerals, essential oils, terpenes, sterols, ferrulates, flavanones and sterones. Its active constituents, the Z\u2010 and E\u2010guggulsterones, have been demonstrated to exhibit their biological activities by binding to nuclear receptors and modulating the expression of proteins involved in carcinogenic activities. Guggulsterones have also been reported to regulate gene expression by exhibiting control over other molecular targets including transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)\u2010\u03baB, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and steroid receptors. Considerable scientific evidence indicates the use of gum guggul as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of inflammation, nervous disorders, hyperlipidaemia and associated cardiac disorders such as hypertension and ischaemia, skin disorders, cancer and urinary disorders. This review highlights the taxonomic details, phytochemical properties and pharmacological profile of gum guggul. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,5]],"date-time":"2012-03-05T17:11:27Z","timestamp":1330967487000},"page":"1594-1605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Pharmacological Properties of Guggulsterones, the Major Active Components of Gum Guggul"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rohan","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  PO Box\u2009218 Hawthorn 3122 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  PO Box\u2009218 Hawthorn 3122 Victoria 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