{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T22:33:29Z","timestamp":1759530809797},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. There are many endocrine adjuvant therapies for breast cancer patients that are categorized according to their mechanisms. Among them, aromatase inhibitors (AIs) that block the synthesis of estrogens have proven superiority compared with tamoxifen and have replaced it as a first\u2010line hormonal therapy. However, AIs also have limitations due to their side effects \u2013 increased rate of bone loss and musculoskeletal complaints. We therefore need new candidate AIs with fewer side effects. The extracts of <jats:italic>Ginkgo biloba<\/jats:italic> (EGb), which contain phytochemicals from the tree, had biphasic effects for estrogens and osteoporosis\u2010inhibiting activities in our previous experiments. In this study, we explored the possibility of EGb as an AI and their mechanisms. Aromatase activities were inhibited by EGb both in JEG\u20103 cells and in recombinant CYP19 microsomes. The results of polymerase chain reaction for aromatase from a coding sequence and specific promoter sequences (exon I.a, exon I.c) in JEG\u20103 cells as well as the results of reporter gene assays showed that EGb dose\u2010dependently decreased the aromatase gene expression. The decreased protein levels were demonstrated by Western blotting. From these results, we concluded that EGb could act as an AI at both the enzyme and transcriptional levels. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,22]],"date-time":"2013-01-22T03:20:37Z","timestamp":1358824837000},"page":"1756-1762","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Inhibitory Effects of the Standardized Extracts of <i>Ginkgo biloba<\/i> on Aromatase Activity in JEG\u20103 Human Choriocarcinoma Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Mi Jie","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University  300 Cheoncheon dong Jangan\u2010gu, Suwon Kyeonggi\u2010do 440\u2010746 South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Joo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University  300 Cheoncheon dong Jangan\u2010gu, Suwon Kyeonggi\u2010do 440\u2010746 South 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