{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:53:01Z","timestamp":1790963581637,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]],"date-time":"2013-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Bixa orellana<\/jats:italic> leaf preparations have been used for many years by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal applications. Published research studies in animals indicate that various extracts of <jats:italic>Bixa<\/jats:italic> leaves exhibit antioxidant, broad antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal), anti\u2010inflammatory, analgesic, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal activities. No studies have specifically assessed the ability of leaf extracts to inhibit urogenital infections although <jats:italic>Bixa<\/jats:italic> products have been used in folkloric medicine to treat gonorrhea and other infections. Few human studies have been conducted and published using <jats:italic>Bixa<\/jats:italic> leaf preparations. Many more studies have been conducted and published involving <jats:italic>Bixa<\/jats:italic> seed (annatto) extracts than with leaf extracts. No subchronic safety (toxicity) studies have been conducted in animals. A 6 month study in humans given 750 mg of leaf powder per day demonstrated no significant or serious adverse effects. <jats:italic>Bixa<\/jats:italic> leaf extracts appear to be safe when given under current conditions of use. However, additional human and animal controlled safety and efficacy studies are needed. In addition, detailed chemical analyses are required to establish structure\u2013function relationships. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]],"date-time":"2013-12-04T13:46:55Z","timestamp":1386164815000},"page":"956-960","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of <i>Bixa orellana<\/i> (Achiote, Annatto) Leaf Extracts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sidney J.","family":"Stohs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Creighton University Medical Center Omaha  NE 68178 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"467","article-title":"Phytotoxicosis producted by ethanolic extract of the leaves of Bixa orellana Linn. in rats","volume":"38","author":"Abatan MO","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull. Animal Health Prod. 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