{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:32:26Z","timestamp":1775241146245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]],"date-time":"2014-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is the second leading cause of human deaths in the USA. Despite continuous efforts to treat cancer over the past 50\u2009years, human mortality rates have not decreased significantly. Natural products, such as lichens, have been good sources of anticancer drugs. This study reports the cytotoxic activity of crude extracts of 17 lichen species against Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) cells. Out of the 17 lichen species, extracts from 14 species showed cytotoxicity against Raji cells. On the basis of IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values, we selected <jats:italic>Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tuckermannopsis ciliaris<\/jats:italic> to study the mechanism of cell death. Viability of normal lymphocytes was not affected by the extracts of <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>chlorochroa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>ciliaris<\/jats:italic>. We found that extracts from both lichens decreased proliferation, accumulated cells at the G<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\/G<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> stage, and caused apoptosis in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Both lichen extracts also caused upregulation of p53. The <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>ciliaris<\/jats:italic> extract upregulated the expression of TK1 but <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>chlorochroa<\/jats:italic> did not. We also found that usnic, salazinic, constictic, and norstictic acids were present in the extract of <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>chlorochroa<\/jats:italic>, whereas protolichesterinic acid in <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u2009ciliaris extracts. Our data demonstrate that lichen extracts merit further research as a potential source of anticancer drugs. 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Bean Life Science Museum Brigham Young University  Provo UT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim L.","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology Brigham Young University  Provo UT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Cancer Facts & Figs.\u20092013","author":"American Cancer Society (ACS)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21809"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/094471103322331458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-827240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4739"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-009-9123-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3791-0_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1240851"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np980378z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1639\/0007-2745-114.3.625"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cad.0000175588.09070.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-013-1487-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2010-3-401","article-title":"Current results on biological activities of lichen secondary metabolites: a review","volume":"65","author":"Moln\u00e1r K","year":"2010","journal-title":"Z Naturforsch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152012798764697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"MukherjeeS.2010.The emperor of all maladies: a biography of cancer Scribner."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antiproliferative activity of three lichen species belonging to the genus Peltigera","author":"Munzi S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790478"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"OrangeA JamesPW WhiteFJ.2001.Microchemical methods for the identification of lichens British Lichen Society."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002428299900081X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0024282912000060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-013-9283-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-010-9189-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2013.785007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-009-0005-y"}],"container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fptr.5233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fptr.5233","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ptr.5233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T01:00:52Z","timestamp":1696467652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ptr.5233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ptr.5233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.5233","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-418X","1099-1573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-418X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1573","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]}}}