{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:34:15Z","timestamp":1790220855874,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Willow bark extract has been used for thousands of years as an anti\u2010inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic. In spite of its long history of use, relatively few human and animal studies have been published that confirm anecdotal observations. A small number of clinical studies have been conducted that support the use of willow bark extracts in chronic lower back and joint pain and osteoarthritis. Willow bark extracts also are widely used in sports performance and weight loss products presumably because of anti\u2010inflammatory and analgesic activities, although no human studies have been published that specifically and directly document beneficial effects. In recent years, various <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and animal studies have demonstrated that the anti\u2010inflammatory activity of willow bark extract is associated with down regulation of the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and nuclear factor\u2010kappa B. Although willow bark extracts are generally standardized to salicin, other ingredients in the extracts including other salicylates as well as polyphenols, and flavonoids may also play prominent roles in the therapeutic actions. Adverse effects appear to be minimal as compared to non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs including aspirin. The primary cause for concern may relate to allergic reactions in salicylate\u2010sensitive individuals. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T10:21:56Z","timestamp":1432290116000},"page":"1112-1116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of White Willow Bark (<i>Salix alba<\/i>) Extracts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mohd","family":"Shara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Jordan University of Science and Technology  Irbid 22110 Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney J.","family":"Stohs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Health Professions Creighton University Medical Center  Omaha NE 68168 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Anon.2011.Willow bark. U. Maryland Med. Center pp1\u20136.Http:\/\/www.umm.edu\/altmed\/articles\/willow\u2010bark\u2010000281.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"The effect of a commercial thermogenic weight loss supplement on body composition and energy expenditure in obese adults","volume":"4","author":"Armstrong WJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exer Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"2121","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of willow bark extract in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: results of 2 randomized double\u2010blind controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Biegert C","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.5.1832","article-title":"Increased prostacyclin production during exercise in untrained and trained men: effect of low\u2010dose aspirin","volume":"78","author":"Bogar RH","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/432695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H09-067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00442-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E650"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/386953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"555","article-title":"Biotransformation of phenolglycosides leiocarposide and salicin","volume":"44","author":"Fotsch G","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.08.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03144.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"HighfieldES KemperKJ.1999.White willow bark (Salix alba).The Longwood Herbal Task Force 1\u201312.http:\/\/www.mcp.edu\/herbal\/default.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdp.2007.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31818219cb"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiolmed.2012.12-006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np50087a006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(00)89034-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00761.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-007-0437-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/509383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.112483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Analytical and biological studies on Salicaceae substances, especially salacin. II. Biological study","volume":"47","author":"Steinegger E","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pharmaceut Acta Helv"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061620"}],"container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fptr.5377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fptr.5377","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ptr.5377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:37:18Z","timestamp":1696466238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ptr.5377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ptr.5377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.5377","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-418X","1099-1573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-418X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1573","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]}}}