{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:54:31Z","timestamp":1786978471172,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,12]],"date-time":"2016-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the 19th century, the mouthwash Listerine\u00ae was formulated from four essential oils. Later, the oils were replaced by their marker substances. To keep them in solution, 24\u201327% ethanol was added as a vehicle. This is an update of our previous review on the efficacy and safety of Listerine\u00ae. Method: PubMed was searched for clinical studies on the therapeutic benefits and safety of Listerine\u00ae from the end of 2011 to the end of October 2015. Results: Sixteen studies were found and extracted. Three of the four 6\u2010month studies were of sound confirmatory design. Two of these investigated Listerine\u00ae and one Listerine Zero\u00ae. The evidence of effectiveness for Listerine\u00ae, based on the bulk of three confirmatory studies and numerous exploratory studies carried out so far, is strong, but only moderate for Listerine\u00ae Zero and poor for Listerine\u00ae Cool Blue. In the three safety studies identified, we found methodological flaws that biased the results. Conclusions: Evidence is accumulating that Listerine\u00ae is effective in improving oral health, but the absence of systematic toxicological studies means that an accurate safety assessment cannot be made. 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