{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:06:51Z","timestamp":1791317211455,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]],"date-time":"2017-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"High-tech Research and Development Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["201517112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201517112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol natural compound found in many medicinal plant species, including pomegranate rind (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Punica granatum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> L.), and has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. Pomegranate rind is used to treat bacterial and fungal pathogens in Uyghur and other systems of traditional medicine, but, surprisingly, the effects of GA on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of GA on fungal strains both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the NCCLS (M38\u2010A and M27\u2010A2) standard method <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and GA was found to have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, with MICs for all the tested dermatophyte strains between 43.75 and 83.33\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. Gallic acid was also active against three <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> strains, with MICs between 12.5 and 100.0\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. The most sensitive <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species was <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> (MIC\u00a0=\u00a012.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL), and the most sensitive filamentous species was <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic> (MIC\u00a0=\u00a043.75\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL), which was comparable in potency to the control, fluconazole. The mechanism of action was investigated for inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis using an HPLC\u2010based assay and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Gallic acid reduced the activity of sterol 14\u03b1\u2010demethylase P450 (CYP51) and squalene epoxidase in the <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic> membrane, respectively. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> model demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection administration of GA (80\u00a0mg\/kg\u00a0d) significantly enhanced the cure rate in a mice infection model of systemic fungal infection. Overall, our results confirm the antifungal effects of GA and suggest a mechanism of action, suggesting that GA has the potential to be developed further as a natural antifungal agent for clinical use. Copyright \u00a9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,19]],"date-time":"2017-05-19T11:07:01Z","timestamp":1495192021000},"page":"1039-1045","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Antifungal Activity of Gallic Acid <i>In Vitro<\/i> and <i>In Vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9358-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi\u2010Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine Xinjiang Laboratory of Uighur Medical Prescription  Urumqi Xinjiang 830049 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University  Urumqi 830011 Xinjiang 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