{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:28:53Z","timestamp":1791919733871,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Licorice (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Glycyrrhiza glabra<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) has been considered as an herbal drug since ancient time. Nowadays, it is a well\u2010known spice that possesses worth pharmacological effects. However, some relevant articles have revealed negative impacts of licorice in health. By considering the great wishes in using herbal medicine, it is important to show adverse effects of herbal medicine in health. At present, there are misunderstandings toward the safety of herbal medicines. Herein, we gathered scientific research projects on the toxicity effects of licorice and glycyrrhizin to highlight their safety. In this regards, we categorized our findings about the toxicity effects of licorice and glycyrrhizin in acute, sub\u2010acute, sub\u2010chronic, and chronic states. Besides, we discussed on the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of licorice and glycyrrhizin as well as their developmental toxicity. This review disclosed that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>G. glabra<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and glycyrrhizin salts are moderately toxic. They need to be used with caution during pregnancy.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>G. glabra<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and glycyrrhizin possess selective cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells. The most important side effects of licorice and glycyrrhizin are hypertension and hypokalemic\u2010induced secondary disorders. Licorice side effects are increased by hypokalemia, prolonged gastrointestinal transient time, decreased type 2 11\u2010beta\u2010hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities, hypertension, anorexia nervosa, old age, and female sex. Copyright \u00a9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T04:26:46Z","timestamp":1503030406000},"page":"1635-1650","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":259,"title":["Toxicological Effects of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Glycyrrhiza glabra<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    (Licorice): A Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Nazari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rameshrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Hosseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(87)90099-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1401-153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589109514126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Chronic toxicity study of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate by repeated subcutaneous administration to CD rats for 26 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