{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:32:35Z","timestamp":1790742755138,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the antiinflammatory properties of betulinic acid (BA) and xylopic acid (XA) extracted from <jats:italic>Margaritaria discoidea<\/jats:italic> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Xylopia aethiopica<\/jats:italic>,<\/jats:styled-content> respectively. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>discoidea<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>aethiopica<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> are plants native in Ghana and the West\u2010African region and used traditionally to treat different pathologies including inflammatory conditions. The antiinflammatory effect of BA and XA was established by an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> assay using the carrageenan\u2010induced pleural inflammation model in mice. Also, the ability of BA and XA to increase catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels and decrease lipid peroxidation level in reactive oxidative assays was assessed. In addition, the ability of XA and BA to prevent potential lung tissue damage was quantified. Pretreatment with BA and XA reduced significantly, signs of inflammation: neutrophil infiltration, oedema, and alveoli septal thickening in carrageenan\u2010treated lung tissue. Additionally, BA or XA pretreatment lowered the degree of lipid peroxidation in the lung tissue while increasing the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Comparatively, XA was more efficacious than BA in the prevention of lung tissue damage. BA and XA derived from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>aethiopica<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>discoidea<\/jats:italic> possess antiinflammatory and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> antioxidant activities in mice pleurisy model. The effect of these compounds gives credence to the traditional use in the management of inflammatory conditions of the airway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T10:43:14Z","timestamp":1513420994000},"page":"480-487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Antiinflammatory properties of betulinic acid and xylopic acid in the carrageenan\u2010induced pleurisy model of lung inflammation in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8405-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmund","family":"Ekuadzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Biney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles K.","family":"Benneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy University of Health and Allied Sciences  Ho Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bismark","family":"Osei Amankwaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Jato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy University of Health and Allied Sciences  Ho Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.4.7404"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","article-title":"Animal models for inflammation: A review","volume":"3","author":"Dhalendra G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-66"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0975-3575(10)80007-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"254","volume-title":"Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti\u2010inflammatory Agents of Margaritaria discoidea, Gouania longipetala, Glyphaea brevis and Euadenia eminens","author":"Ekuadzi E.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(58)90014-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00860-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"Irvine F. 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