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Control of these infection(s) with existing chemotherapy is limited by drug toxicity, lengthy parenteral treatment, affordability, and\/or the emergence of resistant strains. Medicinal plants on the other hand are used in the treatment of various infectious diseases although their chemical properties are not fully evaluated. In this study, we screened 112 crude extracts from 72 selected Ghanaian medicinal plants for anti\u2010<jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>, anti\u2010<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, and anti\u2010<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> activities in vitro and investigated their mechanisms of action. Twenty\u2010three extracts from 20 plants showed significant antiprotozoan activity against at least 1 of 3 protozoan parasites screened with IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values less than 20\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml. Eleven extracts showed high anti\u2010<jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> activity with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Bidens pilosa<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> whole plant and <jats:italic>Morinda<\/jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>lucida<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> leaf extracts recording the highest activities. Their IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> (selectivity index [SI]) values were 5.51\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml (35.00) and 5.96\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml (13.09), respectively. Nine extracts had high anti\u2010<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> activity with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Annona senegalensis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Cassia alata<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> leaf extracts as the most active. Their IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> (SI) values were 10.8\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml (1.50) and 10.1\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml (0.37), respectively. Six extracts had high anti\u2010<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> activity with the leaf and stem\u2010bark extracts of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Terminalia ivorensis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> recording the highest activity. Their IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> (SI) values were 7.26\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml (129.36) and 17.45\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml (17.17), respectively. Only <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>M.\u00a0lucida<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> at 25\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml induced significant apoptosis\u2010like cell death in <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> parasites. Anti\u2010<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> active extracts induced varying morphological changes in <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites such as multiple nuclei and\/or kinetoplast, incomplete flagella division, or nuclear fragmentation. Active extracts may be potential sources for developing new chemotherapy against these infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T09:47:53Z","timestamp":1525686473000},"page":"1617-1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i> antiprotozoan activity and mechanisms of action of selected <scp>G<\/scp>hanaian medicinal plants against <i>Trypanosoma<\/i>, <i>Leishmania<\/i>, and <i>Plasmodium<\/i> parasites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9329-7920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuko","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"},{"name":"Section of Environmental Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Medical and Dental University  1\u20105\u201045 Yushima, Bunkyo\u2010ku Tokyo 113\u20108510 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Amoa-Bosompem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"},{"name":"Section of Environmental Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Medical and Dental University  1\u20105\u201045 Yushima, Bunkyo\u2010ku Tokyo 113\u20108510 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kofi Dadzie","family":"Kwofie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"},{"name":"Section of Environmental Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Medical and Dental University  1\u20105\u201045 Yushima, Bunkyo\u2010ku Tokyo 113\u20108510 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferey","family":"Agyapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Adegle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Plant Medicine Research  P.O. Box 73 Mampong Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell Mamfe","family":"Sakyiamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environmental Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Medical and Dental University  1\u20105\u201045 Yushima, Bunkyo\u2010ku Tokyo 113\u20108510 Japan"},{"name":"Centre for Plant Medicine Research  P.O. Box 73 Mampong Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Ayertey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Plant Medicine Research  P.O. Box 73 Mampong Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kofi Baffuor\u2010Awuah","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Tuffour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Atchoglo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Huu","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagasaki International University  2825\u20107 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo Nagasaki 859\u20103298 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuhiro","family":"Uto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagasaki International University  2825\u20107 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo Nagasaki 859\u20103298 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Aboagye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Plant Medicine Research  P.O. Box 73 Mampong Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred Ampomah","family":"Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Plant Medicine Research  P.O. Box 73 Mampong Akuapem Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Appiah-Opong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander K.","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Kofi","family":"Anyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Adjei","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. Box LG 581 Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo Ansah","family":"Koram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences University of Ghana  P.O. 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