{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:48:42Z","timestamp":1792666122747,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Milk thistle (MT;\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Silybum marianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), a member of the\n                    <jats:italic>Asteraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family, is a therapeutic herb with a 2,000\u2010year history of use. MT fruits contain a mixture of flavonolignans collectively known as silymarin, being silybin (also named silibinin) the main component. This article reviews the chemistry of MT, the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, the pharmacologically relevant actions for liver diseases (e.g., anti\u2010inflammatory, immunomodulating, antifibrotic, antioxidant, and liver\u2010regenerating properties) as well as the clinical potential in patients with alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, drug\u2010induced liver injury, and mushroom poisoning. Overall, literature data suggest that, despite encouraging preclinical data, further well\u2010designed randomized clinical trials are needed to fully substantiate the real value of MT preparations in liver diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T06:07:20Z","timestamp":1533622040000},"page":"2202-2213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":441,"title":["Milk thistle (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Silybum marianum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Abenavoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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