{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:37:16Z","timestamp":1784000236458,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the approved hepatitis B virus (HBV)\u2010polymerase inhibitors (e.g., lamivudine) often lead to drug\u2010resistance, several natural products have shown promising efficacies. Though <jats:italic>Aloe vera<\/jats:italic> (AV) gel and its constituents are shown inhibitors of many viruses, their anti\u2010HBV activity still remains elusive. We therefore, tested the anti\u2010HBV potential of AV extract and its anthraquinones in hepatoma cells, including molecular docking, high\u2010performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), and cytochrome P450 (<jats:italic>CYP3A4<\/jats:italic>) activation analyses. Our anti\u2010HBV assays (HBsAg\/HBeAg Elisa) showed maximal inhibition of viral antigens production by aloe\u2010emodin (~83%) &gt; chrysophanol (~62%) &gt; aloin B (~61%) &gt; AV extract (~37%) in HepG2.2.15 cells. Interestingly, the effect of aloe\u2010emodin was comparable with lamivudine (~86%). Moreover, sequential treatment with lamivudine (pulse) followed by aloe\u2010emodin (chase) enhanced the efficacy of monotherapy by ~12%. Docking (AutoDock Vina) of the anthraquinones indicated strong interactions with HBV\u2010polymerase residues that formed stable complexes with high Gibbs's free energy. Further, identification of aloe\u2010emodin and aloin B by validated HPTLC in AV extract strongly endorsed its anti\u2010HBV potential. In addition, our luciferase\u2010reporter gene assay of transfected HepG2 cells showed moderate induction of <jats:italic>CYP3A4<\/jats:italic> by aloe\u2010emodin. In conclusion, this is the first report on anti\u2010HBV potential of AV\u2013derived anthraquinones, possibly via HBV\u2010polymerase inhibition. Of these, although aloin B exhibits novel antiviral effect, aloe\u2010emodin appears as the most promising anti\u2010HBV natural drug with <jats:italic>CYP3A4<\/jats:italic> activating property towards its enhanced therapeutic efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T04:53:19Z","timestamp":1565758399000},"page":"2960-2970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["The anti\u2010hepatitis B virus therapeutic potential of anthraquinones derived from <i>Aloe vera<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad K.","family":"Parvez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Al\u2010Dosari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perwez","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MdTabish","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Alajmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali S.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0229-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1300175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(91)90024-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/929131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"2463","article-title":"Evaluation of the antiviral activity of anthraquinones, anthrones and anthraquinone derivatives against human cytomegalovirus","volume":"35","author":"Bernard D. 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