{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:53:11Z","timestamp":1788835991106,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000601","name":"De Montfort University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vancomycin\u2010resistant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> (VRE) has become endemic in healthcare settings, reducing treatment options for enterococcal infections. New antimicrobials for VRE infections are a high priority, but the development of novel antibiotics is time\u2010consuming and expensive. Essential oils (EOs) synergistically enhance the activity of some existing antibiotics, suggesting that EO\u2013antibiotic combinations could resensitise resistant bacteria and maintain the antibiotic repertoire. The mechanism of resensitisation of bacteria to antibiotics by EOs is relatively understudied. Here, the synergistic interactions between carvacrol (1.98\u2009mM) and cuminaldehyde (4.20\u2009mM) were shown to reestablish susceptibility to vancomycin (0.031\u2009mg\/L) in VRE, resulting in bactericidal activity (4.73 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/ml reduction). Gene expression profiling, coupled with \u03b2\u2010galactosidase leakage and salt tolerance assays, suggested that cell envelope damage contributes to the synergistic bactericidal effect against VRE. The EO\u2013vancomycin combination was also shown to kill clinical isolates of VRE (2.33\u20135.25 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/ml reduction), and stable resistance did not appear to develop even after multiple passages. The in vivo efficacy of the EO\u2013vancomycin combination was tested in a <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae assay; however, no antimicrobial action was observed, indicating that further drug development is required for the EO\u2013vancomycin combination to be clinically useful for treatment of VRE infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T17:00:51Z","timestamp":1581440451000},"page":"1638-1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["From formulation to in vivo model: A comprehensive study of a synergistic relationship between vancomycin, carvacrol, and cuminaldehyde against <scp><i>Enterococcus faecium<\/i><\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0252-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Owen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Group, The Leicester School of Pharmacy De Montfort University  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Group, The Leicester School of Pharmacy De Montfort University  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7187-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Group, The Leicester School of Pharmacy De Montfort University  Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"British Standards Institute(2005).BS EN 1040:2005 chemical disinfectants and antiseptics\u2014Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of basic bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics\u2014Test method and requirements (phase 1).British Standards Institute:London."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1914-1920.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S2053230X1401317X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Advances in applied microbiology","author":"Debois A. 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