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Additionally, catalpol presents potent anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant properties crucial for cancer prevention and intervention. Due to the absence of clinical trials, this review investigates twelve studies, encompassing in\u00a0vitro and animal trials from reputable databases, such as PubMed, with no time restrictions. Therefore, we covered evidence from catalpol's effects against several types of cancer, including breast, liver, colorectal, lung, gastric, bladder, and ovarian cancer, as well as osteosarcoma, and assessed various outcomes related to cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and modulation of molecular mechanisms by catalpol. Notably, catalpol induced cancer cell death via induction of mitochondrial apoptosis pathways, regulation of the expression of specific microRNAs, modulation of Sirt1, Kras, RACK1, PARP, PI3K\/Akt, Bcl\u20102, and STAT3\/JAK2\/Src signaling pathways, and inactivation of NF\u2010kB and Smad 2\/3 signaling pathways. Furthermore, catalpol limits cancer metastasis due to modulation of critical metalloproteinases associated with cancer migration. Catalpol also synergizes with chemotherapeutic and adjuvant agents to induce cancer control, including regorafenib in liver cancer and chloroquine in gastric cancer, promoting increased anticancer action via upregulated cancer cell apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and inhibited angiogenesis via PI3K\/p\u2010Akt\/mTOR\/NF\u2010\u03baB, VEGF\/VEGFR2, and Bax signaling pathways modulation. Catalpol derivatives also gained attention. Pyrazole\u2010, imidazole\u2010, and hydrolyzed\u2010based catalpol derivatives increase cancer cell apoptosis and death and decrease tumor angiogenesis through similar pathways. This review seeks to provide understanding of catalpol's anticancer effects, its mechanisms of action, and its potential as a therapeutic anticancer agent while advocating for future research conductance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.70057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T14:37:31Z","timestamp":1758638251000},"page":"4950-4971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Catalpol: An Iridoid Glycoside With Potential in Combating Cancer Development and Progression\u2014A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Lucas Fornari","family":"Laurindo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology School of Medicine, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR)  Mar\u00edlia S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vict\u00f3ria 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