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Among cordyceps types,\n                    <jats:italic>Cordyceps militaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CM) is the most commercially useful owing to its ease of artificial cultivation for mass production. In contrast, other types, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Ophiocordyceps sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , are expensive and difficult to collect. Therefore, numerous studies have explored the therapeutic potential and active constituents of CM. The therapeutic use of CM is based on its various pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti\u2010tumor, antioxidant, anti\u2010diabetic, anti\u2010obesity, and neuroprotective activities, of which the immunomodulatory effects have been the most studied. CM contains active constituents such as nucleosides (cordycepin and adenosine), polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, sterols, glycolipids, and carotenoids. Recent studies show that CM extract, cordycepin, and polysaccharides exert immunomodulatory effects in response to the immune environments. They enhance innate and cell\u2010mediated adaptive immunity not only under normal conditions but also in immunosuppressed states induced by cyclophosphamide, interleukin\u20104, tumor culture supernatant, methotrexate, cancer cell\u2010line\u2010xenografts, influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Meanwhile, they suppress an overactivated immune system stimulated by factors such as angiotensin II\u2009\u00b1\u2009vascular endothelial growth factors, concanavalin A, 2,4\u2010dinitrophenyl (DNP)\u2010serum albumin \u00b1 DNP\u2010specific immunoglobulin E, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid, phytohemagglutinin, phorbol myristate acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187, calcium chloride, cecal ligation and puncture \u00b1 LPS, dextran sodium sulfate, monosodium iodoacetate, ovalbumin, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 25\u201035, monosodium urate, and Western diet by ameliorating innate and humoral adaptive immune responses. This study reviewed recent and notable literature evaluating the immunomodulatory potentials of CM extract, cordycepin, and polysaccharides. In\u00a0vitro, in\u00a0vivo, and clinical trial results indicate that CM is safe for administration and shows promise for developing functional foods having various efficacies such as immunomodulation, anti\u2010tumor, and neuroprotection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.70144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T15:44:47Z","timestamp":1766504687000},"page":"635-665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Immunomodulatory Mushroom,\n                    <i>Cordyceps militaris<\/i>\n                    , and Its Constituents: A Review of In\u00a0Vitro\/In Vivo Studies and Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun\u2010Ju","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Chung\u2010Ang University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai Hua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center Dong\u2010A Pharm. 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