{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:38:01Z","timestamp":1785418681933,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2024NSCQ\u2010MSX0565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024NSCQ\u2010MSX0565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is frequently complicated by intestinal fibrosis, a process driven by extracellular matrix remodeling. Current therapies lack efficacy in controlling or reversing fibrotic progression, underscoring the need for novel treatments. Here, we found that garlic\u2010derived exosomes (GDE) significantly reduced hydroxyproline production and inhibited the expression of fibrosis\u2010related proteins such as COL1A2, COL3A1, and \u03b1\u2010SMA in TGF\u2010\u03b21\u2010treated intestinal fibroblasts. Administration of GDE significantly improved the lesions of the muscular mucosa, the colon shortening, and bowel wall thickness, while also decreasing the expression of COL1A2, COL3A1, and \u03b1\u2010SMA in the colon tissues of 2,4,6\u2010trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)\u2010induced mice. Meanwhile, GDE significantly attenuated phosphofructo\u20102\u2010kinase\/fructose\u20102, 6\u2010bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) expression in TGF\u2010\u03b21 treated intestinal fibroblasts and colon tissue of TNBS\u2010induced mice. Both Pfkfb3 gene interruption and PFK\u2010015 (a PFKFB3 inhibitor) markedly prevented the role of GDE in the expression of fibrosis\u2010related biomarkers by blocking the glycolysis pathway and triggering metabolic reprogramming in TGF\u2010\u03b2\u2010treated intestinal fibroblasts. Furthermore, fibroblast\u2010specific Pfkfb3 deficiency significantly reduced the fibrosis in the colon tissues of TNBS\u2010induced mice. Taken together, this study reveals the anti\u2010fibrotic mechanism of GDE by regulating Pfkfb3 expression to inhibit the metabolic reprogramming of fibroblasts, which is expected to provide new strategies and targets for the treatment of intestinal fibrosis in patients with CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.70225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:10:16Z","timestamp":1770336616000},"page":"2025-2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Garlic\u2010Derived Exosomes Alleviate Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease by Modulating\n                    <scp>PFKFB3<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Fuyun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering Chongqing University of Technology  Chongqing People\u2019s Republic 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