{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:32:39Z","timestamp":1784716359852,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Honey contains flavonoids and phenolic acids, and because of their antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory properties, they may play an important role in human health. The purpose of this review was to synthesize the effects of natural honey on pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines. The effects of honey on wound healing and immunity appear to be inconsistent. The available databases )PubMed and Scopus) were searched and 42 studies were assessed. In patients with cancer, honey has been reported to inhibit the effects of pro\u2010inflammatory factors such as TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u20106. In patients with neuro\u2010inflammatory disorders honey has been shown to inhibit the expression of pro\u2010inflammatory markers. It has also been reported that honey can reduce TNF\u2010\u03b1 expression in conditions associated with liver injury, by suppressing TNF\u2010\u03b1 converting enzyme activity. Honey inhibits APAP\u2010induced hepatocellular necrosis by modulating the expression of IL\u201010 and IL\u20101\u00df. Animal studies have shown that honey can reduce serum IL\u20101\u00df, IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 concentration and increase IL\u201010 concentrations in a model of gastric ulcer. Some studies in diabetics have shown that honey can reduce serum TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u00df and TGF\u2010\u00df by inhibiting NF\u2010K\u00df. The source and type of honey and its component have not been indicated in various clinical and practical studies, which are a limitation of these studies, in relation to reproducing them. Sigma, Manuka, Gelam and Tulang honey have been used in most of the in vitro and animal studies. The animal studies have demonstrated similar effects on pro\u2010inflammatory factors, which include reducing serum TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106 and IL\u20101\u03b2 as well as increasing IL\u201010. There are few human RCTs investigating the effects of honey on inflammatory cytokines. Only one RCT has reported the type of honey that they have used. Tulang honey has been reported to increase serum TNF\u2010\u03b1 and decrease hs\u2010CRP, which is therefore controversial. Further high\u2010quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of honey. Because most studies had used different duration, type of honey and dosage, which make them difficult to contextualize, as the phytochemical content of a honey may depend on its source. Furthermore, it is unclear whether honey's anti\u2010inflammatory effects are related to its phenolic or tocopherol compounds, and whether its effects are greater than these individual components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T06:02:42Z","timestamp":1615356162000},"page":"3690-3701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The effects of honey on pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Narges","family":"Navaei\u2010Alipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International UNESCO Center for Health Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohadeseh","family":"Mastali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International UNESCO Center for Health Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon A.","family":"Ferns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Education Brighton &amp; Sussex Medical School Brighton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Saberi\u2010Karimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Ghayour\u2010Mobarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International UNESCO Center for Health Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.19.6.659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2008.17.3.28667"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5904361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22452\/mjs.vol36no3.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5413917"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3643824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2006.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf302468h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23082069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19022497"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"530","article-title":"Natural honey: A new and potent anti\u2010angiogenic agent in the air\u2010pouch model of inflammation","volume":"64","author":"Eteraf\u2010Oskouei T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2016-4512-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_184_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2011.641974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1703-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.12.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3233-x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Capparis spinosa honey on the immune response of rats infected with toxoplasma gundii","volume":"20","author":"Hegazi A. 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