{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T10:41:04Z","timestamp":1786444864050,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Scientific studies of <jats:italic>Aloe vera<\/jats:italic> have tentatively explained therapeutic claims from a mechanistic perspective. Furthermore, in vitro outcomes demonstrate that the breakage of acemannan chains into smaller fragments enhances biological effects. These fragments can intravenously boost vaccine efficacy or entrain the immune system to attack cancer cells by mannose receptor agonism of macrophage or dendritic cells. With oral consumption, epithelialisation also occurs at injured sites in the small intestine or colon. The main advantage of dietary acemannan is the attenuation of the digestive process, increasing satiety, and slowing the release of sugars from starches. In the colon, acemannan is digested by microbes into short\u2010chain fatty acids that are absorbed and augment the sensation of satiety and confer a host of other health benefits. In topical applications, an acemannan\/chitosan combination accelerates the closure of wounds by promoting granular tissue formation, which creates a barrier between macrophages or neutrophils and the wound dressing. This causes M2 polarisation, reversal of inflammation, and acceleration of the re\u2010epithelialisation process. This review summarises and explains the current pharmacodynamic paradigm in the context of acemannan in topical, oral, and intravenous applications. However, due to contradictory results in the literature, further research is required to provide scientific evidence to confirm or nullify these claims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T09:40:59Z","timestamp":1629798059000},"page":"6572-6584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Pharmacodynamics of <scp><i>Aloe vera<\/i><\/scp> and acemannan in therapeutic applications for skin, digestion, and immunomodulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Sadgrove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew  Richmond UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5058-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique S. 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