{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:16:03Z","timestamp":1790806563414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Symptoms and complications associated with severe SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and organ damage have been linked to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein S1\u2010induced increased production of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines by immune cells. In this study, the effects of an extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Garcinia kola<\/jats:italic>\n                    seeds and garcinoic acid were investigated in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein S1\u2010stimulated human PBMCs. Results of ELISA experiments revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Garcinia kola<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract (6.25, 12.5, and 25\u2009\u03bcg\/ml) and garcinoic acid (1.25, 2.5, and 5\u2009\u03bcM) significantly reduced SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein S1\u2010induced secretion of TNF\u03b1, IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u20108 in PBMCs. In\u2010cell western assays showed that pre\u2010treatment with\n                    <jats:italic>Garcinia kola<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract and garcinoic acid reduced expressions of both phospho\u2010p65 and phospho\u2010I\u03baB\u03b1 proteins, as well as NF\u2010\u03baB DNA binding capacity and NF\u2010\u03baB\u2010driven luciferase expression following stimulation of PBMCs with spike protein S1. Furthermore, pre\u2010treatment of PBMCs with\n                    <jats:italic>Garcinia kola<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract prior to stimulation with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein S1 resulted in reduced damage to adjacent A549 lung epithelial cells. These results suggest that the seed of\n                    <jats:italic>Garcinia kola<\/jats:italic>\n                    and garcinoic acid are natural products which may possess pharmacological\/therapeutic benefits in reducing cytokine storm in severe SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and other coronavirus infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T03:01:16Z","timestamp":1635217276000},"page":"6963-6973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["<i>Garcinia kola<\/i>\n                    and garcinoic acid suppress\n                    <scp>SARS\u2010CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 spike glycoprotein\n                    <scp>S1<\/scp>\n                    \u2010induced hyper\u2010inflammation in human\n                    <scp>PBMCs<\/scp>\n                    through inhibition of\n              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