{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:29:28Z","timestamp":1792693768912,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caffeine has been reported for its antiinflammatory properties by stimulating phagocytosis. In this study, we investigated the antiinflammatory and antiinfective potential of caffeine in murine macrophage cell cultures and Swiss mice infected with virulent <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serotype typhimurium. Peritoneal macrophages (pM\u00d8) were treated with caffeine on 96\u2010well plates for 24\u00a0hr and then infected with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> for 4\u2009hr. In another experiment, the pM\u00d8 were first infected with the bacterium for 4\u2009hr and then treated with caffeine for 24\u2009hr. In addition, Swiss mice were inoculated, intraperitoneally, with <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic> and then received caffeine intravenously. Control groups received phosphate\u2010buffered saline (PBS) or dexamethasone. We found that treatments with caffeine increased the macrophage cell viability and reduced the intracellular bacterial load. The administration of caffeine to Swiss mice reduced the infiltration of leukocytes into the peritoneal cavity after the bacterial challenge. Furthermore, the bacterial burdens in the peritoneal fluid, bloodstream, spleen, and liver were decreased by caffeine treatment. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2), IL\u20106, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) were down\u2010regulated after infection in caffeine\u2010treated mice. We can conclude that caffeine has both antiinflammatory and antiinfective properties that can be useful for management of bacterial infections along with antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T08:29:50Z","timestamp":1639556990000},"page":"1652-1663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antiinflammatory and antiinfective effect of caffeine in a mouse model of disseminated salmonellosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Betty Mancebo","family":"Dorvigny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lethicia Souza","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrydt Alc\u00e2ntara","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Nunes","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"de Souza Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Kelly Urtigas","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An\u00edsio Francisco","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdemiro Amaro","family":"da Silva J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0987-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vitor","family":"Lima\u2010Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Federal Rural University of Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030231"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49712-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1504717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2019.22.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), CLSI Document M07\u2010A9","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1251\/bpo114"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses during Listeria monocytogenes infection","volume":"7","author":"D'Orazio S. 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