{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T01:47:25Z","timestamp":1776908845043,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL102013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL102013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial pneumonia is one of the most important causes of mortality in the United States. The bacteria <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>KP<\/jats:italic>) accounts for a significant proportion of community and hospital\u2010acquired infections. Here, we determine that the holy basil (<jats:italic>Ocimum sanctum<\/jats:italic>) extract improves cell viability and dampens the proinflammatory cytokine response in an in vitro model of pneumonia. For this, A549, a human alveolar basal epithelial cell line, was subjected to a lethal KP model following a 24\u2010hr pretreatment with basil extract. Bacteremia, cell viability, apoptosis, MTT assay, phagocytic capacity, cytokines, and Khe gene expression were assessed in these cells following pneumonia. Cell morphology analysis showed that holy basil protected A549 cells from <jats:italic>KP<\/jats:italic> infection\u2013mediated effects by inhibiting cell death due to apoptosis. Additionally, in the presence of basil, A549 cells demonstrated significantly higher bactericidal capacity and phagocytosis. Administration of holy basil led to reduced expression of hypoxia\u2010inducible factor\u20101\/2a, nuclear factor kappa B, and Khe in the <jats:italic>KP\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected cells while increasing interferon (IFN)\u2010\u03b3 expression. Our results suggest that basil significantly reduced cell death in the setting of <jats:italic>KP<\/jats:italic> infection, likely via attenuation of cytokine and IFN\u2010\u03b3 mediated signaling pathways. Holy basil is a promising therapeutic agent for managing and treating bacterial pneumonia based on its potency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T07:09:05Z","timestamp":1646204945000},"page":"1822-1835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The holy basil administration diminishes the <scp>NF\u2010kB<\/scp> expression and protects alveolar epithelial cells from pneumonia infection through interferon gamma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Arundhathy","family":"Suresh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tejeshwar C.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumeet","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madathilparambil V.","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bindu","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education and Physiology\/Pharmacology University of Toledo  Toledo Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Raghavendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2013.785010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0246OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.4.1139-1146.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903843"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/745483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-9476.146554"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia in the 1990s: Update of epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"5","author":"Craven D. 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