{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:36:05Z","timestamp":1789727765770,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease with predominant synovitis that has no complete cure or preventive treatment. Citrus essential oils, used in natural fragrances, contain a variety of functional ingredients that are worthy of investigation for their potential as natural anti\u2010inflammatory drug sources. In this study, essential oils were hydro distilled from the peels of four citrus species: <jats:italic>Citrus sinensis<\/jats:italic> (L.) Osbeck (CSEOs), <jats:italic>Citrus paradisi<\/jats:italic> Macfad. (CPEOs), <jats:italic>Citrus limon<\/jats:italic> (L.) Osbeck (CLEOs) and <jats:italic>Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium<\/jats:italic> (CREOs). Altogether, 81 compounds were identified using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS), of which d\u2010limonene (17.96%\u201394.66%) was an abundant component of all four oils. The stable 1,1\u2010diphenyl\u20102\u2010pyrrole hydrazine (DPPH) free radical test showed that all four essential oils had excellent antioxidant properties (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>, 0.76\u201313.86\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). Furthermore, the oils remarkably increased the first G1 phase of the cell cycle, which inhibited the pro\u2010inflammatory factor expression. An immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the four essential oils inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and cyclooxygenase\u20102 and they exhibited anti\u2010inflammatory activity in a rat model that was similar to that of the common drug, Ibuprofen. These results show that the CSEOs, CPEOs, CLEOs, and CREOs have significant antirheumatic activities and thus have great potential in developing functional food or drugs for treating RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T14:04:35Z","timestamp":1652882675000},"page":"2908-2920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Chemical constituents, biological activities and anti\u2010rheumatoid arthritic properties of four <i>citrus<\/i> essential oils"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Chunlian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuetong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zekai","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weicheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhe","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5153-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery Guangdong University of Technology  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6670007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/jice.20150313021918"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Chinese pharmacopoeia","author":"Commission C. 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