{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:21:49Z","timestamp":1770308509121,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,16]],"date-time":"2001-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":984700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extracts and isolated constituents (coumarins and phenols) of <jats:italic>Pelargonium sidoides<\/jats:italic> DC, a plant species used in folk medicine by the Southern African native population, were evaluated for their effects on nonspecific immune functions. Although this herbal medicine is also successfully employed in modern phytotherapy in Europe to cure infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, the scientific basis of its remedial effects is still unclear. Thus, functional bioassays including an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model for intracellular infection with <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites, an extracellular <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> growth assay, a fibroblast\u2010virus protection assay (IFN activity), a fibroblast\u2010lysis assay (TNF activity) and a biochemical assay for inorganic nitric oxides (iNO) were employed. None of the test samples revealed significant activity against extracellular, promastigote <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis. In contrast, apart from the coumarin samples, all the <jats:italic>Pelargonium<\/jats:italic> extracts (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> &lt;0.1\u20133.3\u2005\u03bcg\/mL), gallic acid (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> 4.4\u2005\u03bcg\/mL) and its methyl ester (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> 12.5\u03bcg\/mL) significantly reduced the intracellular survival of <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> amastigotes within murine macrophages. These data indicate that the samples acted indirectly on <jats:bold>Leishmania<\/jats:bold> parasites, possibly by activating leishmanicidal macrophage functions. Macrophage activation was confirmed by detection of tumour necrosis factor (TNF\u2010\u03b1) and inorganic nitric oxides (iNO) in supernatants of sample\u2010treated macrophage cultures. Synthesis of iNO is a well\u2010known effector mechanism of macrophages against microorganisms such as <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>. Interestingly, blocking iNO\u2010synthase with L\u2010NMMA had no substantial effect on sample\u2010induced intracellular <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> kill. From bioassay\u2010guided fractionation, gallic acid and its methyl ester present in large amounts in <jats:italic>P. sidoides<\/jats:italic> and in its active extracts, were identified as the prominent immunomodulatory principle for this herbal medicine. The results, when taken together with recent reported antibacterial activity, provide a rational basis for both the traditional and the present utilization of <jats:italic>P. sidoides<\/jats:italic> in the claimed conditions. Copyright \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T21:44:55Z","timestamp":1030311895000},"page":"122-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Immunomodulatory principles of <i>Pelargonium sidoides<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Kayser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kolodziej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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