{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:33:42Z","timestamp":1790800422549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3501800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3501800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of mortality around the world. <jats:italic>Prunella vulgaris<\/jats:italic> (Xia\u2010Ku\u2010Cao in Chinese) is used in traditional Chinese medicine practice for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its active ingredients and mechanisms of action on cardiac remodeling following MI remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> on MI rat models. MI rats were treated with aqueous extract of <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> or phenolic acids from <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>, including caffeic acid, ursolic acid or rosmarinic acid, 1\u2009day after surgery and continued for the following 28\u2009days. Then the cardioprotective effect, such as cardiac function, inflammatory status, and fibrosis areas were evaluated. RNA\u2010sequencing (RNA\u2010seq) analysis, real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and ELISA were used to explore the underlying mechanism. In addition, ultra\u2010high performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometer analysis was used to identify the chemicals from <jats:italic>P. vulgaris.<\/jats:italic> THP\u20101<jats:sup>NLRP3\u2010GFP<\/jats:sup> cells were used to confirm the inhibitory effect of <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> and phenolic acids on the expression and activity of NLRP3. We found that <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> significantly improved cardiac function and reduced infarct size. Meanwhile, <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> protected cardiomyocyte against apoptosis, evidenced by increasing the expression of anti\u2010apoptosis protein Bcl\u20102 in the heart and decreasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum. Results from RNA\u2010seq revealed that the therapeutic effect of <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> might relate to NLRP3\u2010mediated inflammatory response. Results from real\u2010time PCR and western blotting confirmed that <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> suppressed NLRP3 expression in MI heart. We also found that <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> suppressed NLRP3 expression and the secretion of HMGB1, IL\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u201018 in THP\u20101<jats:sup>NLRP3\u2010GFP<\/jats:sup> cells. Further studies indicated that the active components of <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> were three phenolic acids, those were caffeic acid, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. These phenolic acids inhibited LPS\u2010induced NLRP3 expression and activity in THP\u20101 cells, and improved cardiac function, suppressed inflammatory aggregation and fibrosis in MI rat models. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> and phenolic acids from <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>, including caffeic acid, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid, could improve cardiac function and protect cardiomyocytes from ischemia injury during MI. The mechanism was partially related to inhibiting NLRP3 activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T16:28:27Z","timestamp":1700843307000},"page":"384-399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Phenolic acids from <i>Prunella vulgaris<\/i> alleviate cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction partially by suppressing <scp>NLRP3<\/scp> activation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jinna","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Pharmacological Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae Ministry of Education  Tianjin 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