{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:21:12Z","timestamp":1791584472555,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,8]],"date-time":"2001-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":989280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phytotherapy Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> on the progression of diabetic retinopathy and other vascular retinal disorders.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The study consisted of a double\u2010blind phase in which 20 patients were recruited and randomly treated with placebo or Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (50\u2005mg\u2005\u00d7\u20053\/day for 2 months) and an open phase in which another 20 patients were treated with Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> at the same dose schedule. In total, 40 patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases involving the retina were enrolled; 30 of them were treated with Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> and 10 with placebo.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The results demonstrated a beneficial effect of Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> on the progression of retinopathy. Without any treatment (placebo) the retinopathy progressively worsened during the trial and the visual acuity significantly decreased; on the contrary, the Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\u2010treated patients showed no deterioration of retinal function and a significant recovery of visual acuity was also obtained. The fluorangiography showed an improvement of retinal vascularization and a reduced endothelial permeability and leakage in the Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, but not in the placebo\u2010treated, patients. The ophthalmoscopy and the electroretinogram (ERG) also confirmed the beneficial effects of Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The mechanism of action of Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> may be related to its free radical (FR) scavenging, anti\u2010inflammatory and capillary protective activities. It has been suggested that Pycnogenol<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> may bind to the blood vessel wall proteins and mucopolysaccharides and produce a capillary \u2018sealing\u2019 effect, leading to a reduced capillary permeability and oedema formation. Copyright \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,10]],"date-time":"2002-09-10T23:06:08Z","timestamp":1031699168000},"page":"219-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Treatment of vascular retinopathies with<i> Pycnogenol<\/i><sup>\u00ae<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Spadea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Balestrazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1997.780629.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(99)00164-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress in diabetics with or without vascular complications","volume":"43","author":"Bambolkar S","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Assoc Phys India"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Antioxidant effect of a Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the retina","volume":"17","author":"Droy\u2010Lefaix MT","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Tissue React"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Die Kapillarwandresistenz und ihre Beeinflussungdurch wasserl\u00f6sliche flavonderivate bei spontan hypertonischen Ratten","volume":"22","author":"Gabor M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phlebologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Pycnogenol\u00ae in venous disorders: a review","volume":"7","author":"Gulati OP","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Bull Drug Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: a free radical\u2010associated disease. 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