{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:48:39Z","timestamp":1792601319101,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis are zoonoses typically associated with terrestrial animal reservoirs. These bacterial agents are now known to infect marine mammal species, though little is known about potential human health risks from marine mammal reservoir species. We investigated potential risks of these bacteria in humans associated with marine mammal exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC) in Sausalito, California, requested a Health Hazard Evaluation by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In June 2011, an investigation occurred, which included a written questionnaire and serosurvey among workers for\n                      <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and an environmental assessment for\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serologic evidence of past exposure was detected in 4% (\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), 0% (\n                      <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and 1% (\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) of 213 participants, respectively. One of 130 environmental samples tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . No significant marine mammal\u2010specific risk factors were identified, but some safety deficiencies were noted that could lead to a higher risk of exposure to zoonotic diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although this study did not identify disease exposure risks associated with marine mammals, additional studies in different settings of other groups with frequent exposure to marine mammals are warranted. Some deficiencies in safety were noted, and based on these, TMMC modified protocols to improve safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T03:28:24Z","timestamp":1719458904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Zoonoses in the workplace: A Seroprevalence study of\n                    <i>Coxiella<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Brucella<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>Leptospira<\/i>\n                    among marine mammal rescue and rehabilitation workers in California"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7544-2987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Bjork","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector\u2010Borne Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6856-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn A.","family":"Stoddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology NCEZID, CDC  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia D.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector\u2010Borne Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie A.","family":"de Perio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health CDC  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard Todd","family":"Niemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health CDC  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua S.","family":"Self","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector\u2010Borne Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector\u2010Borne Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M. 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