{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:46:56Z","timestamp":1761130016622,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with altered cellular and humoral immune response, especially in patients with an untreated or chronic infection. This may be due to direct and\/or indirect HIV viral activities resulting in T\u2010 and B\u2010cells dysfunctions. Although still unclear, various studies have proposed that HIV infection may exacerbate the clinical outcomes of COVID\u201019. Indeed, COVID\u201019 vaccines were developed in record time and have been shown to reduce the severity of COVID\u201019 in the general population. These vaccines were also earmarked as a solution to global disruptions caused by the COVID\u201019 pandemic. HIV infection has been reported to reduce the efficacy of various other vaccines including those used against <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium tetani<\/jats:italic>, and influenza viruses. However, current guidelines for the administration of available COVID\u201019 vaccines do not account for the immune\u2010compromised state of people living with HIV (PLWH). We discuss here the potentials, nature, and implications of this HIV\u2010induced dampening of the humoral immune response on COVID\u201019 vaccines by first reviewing the literature about efficacy of previous vaccines in PLWH, and then assessing the proportion of PLWH included in phase III clinical trials of the COVID\u201019 vaccines currently available. The clinical and public health implications as well as suggestions for governments and non\u2010governmental organizations are also proposed in the context of whether findings on the safety and efficacy of the vaccines could be extended to PLWH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Impacts<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by attenuated humoral immunity that may reduce the efficacy of vaccines in people living with HIV (PLWH). Vaccination against the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection remains the main public health answer to the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Although no significant safety concerns have been raised regarding the COVID\u201019 vaccines in PLWH, the efficacy of these vaccines in PLWH has not received due attention. Indeed, phase III clinical trials for the safety and efficacy of COVID\u201019 vaccines involved a significantly low number of PLWH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>There are major gaps in knowledge on the efficacy of COVID\u201019 vaccines in PLWH and until further research is carried out, PLWH should be prioritized along with other at\u2010risk groups for repeated vaccination and safeguard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T02:21:11Z","timestamp":1659147671000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["HIV infection and the implication for COVID\u201019 vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Tope","family":"Oyelade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Division of Medicine University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reynie Purnama","family":"Raya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Science Universitas \u2018Aisyiyah Bandung  Bandung Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamaluddin","family":"Latief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Health Security Department College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Centre for Family Welfare Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia  Depok Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272\u20102712(02)00015\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1739"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"(UNAIDS) TJUNPoHA. 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